'The raven doth not hatch a lark': The alien and maternal bodies of William Shakespeare's non-English mothers.

我的研究将解决出现的关于外国人、土地和文化以及母体的早期现代意识形态是如何相交的，探索社会和身体差异如何通过非英国母亲的表现来协调。我的工作将致力于将母性和殖民主义研究的不同领域结合在一起，产生关于女性特质和身份认同的新思维方式。这个项目将调查这些信仰对莎士比亚戏剧作品和他对外国母亲的呈现的意义。因此，这个项目将对早期现代孕产、殖民主义和莎士比亚研究这三个领域做出完全独特的贡献。在我博士学位的初始阶段，我完成了一篇关于其他文化分类(Hodgen，1971；Deroux；2010)的学者的文献综述，以及从一系列医学和戏剧角度进行的母性研究(Miller and Yavneh，2000；Fissell，2004和Laoutaris，2008)。这使我能够发现现有学术研究在母性研究和殖民主义研究中存在的明显差距。虽然学者们已经触及了旅行叙事中的女性身体(Hall，1996；Wagner，2019)或“其他”女性类型的发展(Schwarz，2000；Wiedenbeck，2015)，但还没有人尝试对这些叙述中的非英语母亲进行重点研究。我的工作将建立在这一学术机构的基础上，并将其扩展，认为外国母体对那个时期的文化和性别认同的稳定构成了最大的挑战。要做到这一点，我的研究将涉及到对产妇文本的分析，例如尼古拉斯·库尔佩珀的《助产士指南》(1662)和约翰·萨德勒的《患病妇女的私密观察-格拉斯》(1636)。库尔佩珀的工作对于突出杂交物种的出生描述与旅行叙事中包含的其他文化故事之间的比较至关重要。萨德勒的文本将与他关于女性身体受到高温影响的讨论以及他提出的生活在不同气候下的母亲可能导致的异常有关。我将解释这些与勘探描述有关的资料来源，例如利奥·阿非拉努斯的《非洲地理史》(1600年译本)和Mairtre d‘Anghiera的《新世界或西印度的几十年》(1555年译本)。这些叙述是将外国母性女性描述为过度性感和过于强大的几个故事之一。这样的分析将在我后面的章节中应用，为评论中经常被忽视的莎士比亚女性角色提供新的见解，包括《暴风雨》中的西科拉克斯，《泰图斯·安德罗尼克斯》中的塔莫拉，以及《伯里克利》中的泰莎和玛丽娜。我将探讨通过上述旅行叙事等材料的传播，对非英国孕妇的态度是如何成为莎士比亚呈现这些女性身份的核心。我还会争辩说，这样的消息来源会影响观众对这些母亲形象的看法，突显出在早期现代舞台上，与外国母亲相关的内涵比之前概述的要广泛得多。

My research will address how emerging early modern ideologies of foreign people, land and cultures and the maternal body intersect, exploring how social and bodily differences align through representations of non-English motherhood. My work will aim to bring together the distinct fields of maternity and colonialism studies, producing new ways of thinking in regard to perceptions of femininity and identity. This project will investigate the significance of these beliefs for Shakespeare's dramatic works and his presentation of foreign mothers. This project will therefore develop an entirely unique contribution to the three areas of early modern maternity, colonialism and Shakespeare studies.During the initial stages of my PhD, I have completed a literature review of scholars writing on the categorisation of other cultures (Hodgen, 1971; Deroux; 2010) and maternity studies from a range of medical and dramatic perspectives (Miller and Yavneh, 2000; Fissell, 2004 and Laoutaris, 2008). This has allowed me to identify a clear gap in existing scholarship across both maternity and colonialism studies. Whilst scholars have touched upon the female body in travel narratives (Hall, 1996; Wagner, 2019) or the development of "Other" types of womanhood (Schwarz, 2000; Wiedenbeck, 2015), a focused study of non-English maternity in these accounts has not been attempted. My work will build upon and extend this body of scholarship, arguing that it is the foreign maternal body that provides the greatest challenge to the stability of cultural and gender identity in the period. To do so, my research will involve analysing maternity texts, such as Nicholas Culpeper's 'Directory for Midwives' (1662) and John Sadler's 'The Sick Woman's Private Looking-Glasse' (1636). Culpeper's work is essential for highlighting comparisons between birth accounts of hybrid species and tales of other cultures contained in travel narratives. Sadler's text will be analysed in relation to his discussion of the female body as impacted by heat and the abnormalities he suggests would be caused within mothers living in different climates. I will be interpreting such sources in relation to exploration accounts, such as Leo Africanus' 'A Geographical History of Africa' (translated 1600) and Mairtre d' Anghiera's 'The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India' (translated 1555). These narratives are among several that characterise foreign, maternal women as over-sexualised and excessively powerful. Such analysis will be applied within my later chapters, offering new insights into female Shakespearean characters often overlooked in criticism, including Sycorax from 'The Tempest', Tamora from 'Titus Andronicus' and Thaisa and Marina from 'Pericles'. I will explore how attitudes towards non-English maternity, constructed through the circulation of materials such as the aforementioned travel narratives, is central to Shakespeare's presentation of the identity of these women. I will also argue that such sources would have influenced the audience's perception of these maternal figures, highlighting the far broader scope of connotations associated with foreign motherhood on the early modern stage than has previously been outlined.