State Dependent Aspects of Cognition

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去的10年里，我们对睡眠在学习和记忆巩固中可能发挥的作用的认识出现了爆炸式的增长，但仍存在几个主要问题。大部分问题是由于所涉及的系统的复杂性；记忆有多种形式，记忆巩固有多个步骤，睡眠有多个阶段，这些都可能有助于这些过程。因此，有必要首先研究睡眠会影响什么样的记忆，然后再研究睡眠的哪些阶段以及记忆巩固的哪些步骤。有证据表明陈述性和程序性记忆系统都依赖于睡眠，在某些情况下，巩固过程的不同组成部分可能依赖于睡眠。但是，只有相对较少的发现得到了多个小组的验证，其中一些只是在本应用程序的初步结果部分首次提出。我们建议解决这三个尚未解决的根本问题。我们将试图证明(1)睡眠调节新的陈述性记忆任务（普通话学习）的巩固，(2)慢波睡眠稳定和快速眼动睡眠增强知觉学习，(3)睡眠暂时破坏运动技能学习的稳定，这是睡眠依赖巩固过程的一部分。证实这些假设将大大拓宽我们对睡眠在学习和记忆巩固中的作用的基本认识。西方社会已经成为一个睡眠不足的社会，在美国尤其如此。有一种流行的观点认为，睡眠不足的后果只是疲劳，这可以通过努力或药物来克服，周末睡个好觉可以完全扭转周中睡眠不足的任何有害影响。这种“睡眠暴食症”，即每周被剥夺睡眠，然后周末暴睡，在大学校园里最为普遍，尽管医疗、公共安全和交通人员也因睡眠不足而臭名昭著。所有这些群体都依赖于持续的教育和学习来有效地完成他们的任务，而对睡眠不足是如何导致记忆巩固失败的确切理解，应该为帮助抵制这种越来越少睡眠的文化趋势提供重要的论据。此外，“睡眠-记忆联系”的阐明将丰富我们对学习和记忆巩固的正常过程的理解，这对学校和工作的有效性至关重要，并有助于解释睡眠不足和睡眠障碍如何导致健康个体的认知障碍。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The last 10 years have witnessed an almost explosive growth in our knowledge of the roles that sleep may play in learning and memory consolidation, but several major issues remain. Much of the problem is due to the complexity of the systems involved; there are multiple forms of memories, multiple steps in memory consolidation, and multiple stages of sleep which might contribute to these processes. It thus becomes necessary to first ask what kinds of memory are affected by sleep, and then to ask what stages of sleep and what steps of memory consolidation are involved. Evidence exists for both declarative and procedural memory systems being sleep dependent, and in some cases, distinct components of the consolidation process may be sleep-dependent. But relatively few findings have been validated by multiple groups, and several are only being presented for the first time in the Preliminary Results section of this application. We propose to address these three fundamental unresolved issues. We will attempt to show (1) that sleep mediates consolidation of a new declarative memory task (Mandarin language study), (2) that slow wave sleep stabilizes and REM sleeps enhance perceptual learning, and (3) that sleep temporarily destabilizes motor skill learning as part of a process of sleep dependent consolidation. Confirming these hypotheses will significantly broaden our basic knowledge of the role of sleep in learning and memory consolidation. Western society has become a sleep deprived society, and this is especially true in the United States. There is a popular belief that the consequence of sleep deprivation is simply tiredness, that this can be overcome with effort or drugs, and that a good night's sleep on the weekend can completely reverse any deleterious effects of mid-week deprivation. Nowhere is this practice of "sleep bulimia," of weekly deprivation followed by weekend binge sleeping, more prevalent than on college campuses, although medical, public safety, and transportation personnel are also notoriously sleep deprived. All of these groups depend on continued education and learning for the effective performance of their tasks, and a clear understanding of exactly how sleep loss contributes to a failure of memory consolidation should provide important arguments to help counter this cultural drift towards less and less sleep. In addition, elucidation of the "sleep-memory connection" will enrich our understanding of the normal processes of learning and memory consolidation so critical to effectiveness in school and work, and help explain how sleep loss and sleep disorders lead to cognitive impairments in otherwise healthy individuals.