Intersectional Inferiorities: Explorations of the Intersectional in Euripidean and Ovidian poetry

以前的学术研究大量研究了欧里庇德斯悲剧是如何挑战既有等级制度的，但却没有研究它们之间的交集。例如，Goff单独分析了《特洛伊女人》中对阶级、种族和性别的主题关注（Goff 2009），但拒绝调查主题之间的相互联系。虽然艾伦正确地注意到，在《安德洛玛切》中，安德洛玛切和赫敏之间的比较是关于她们的性别的，而且关于野蛮人意味着什么的反复讨论使这种比较更加复杂（艾伦2000），但他并没有继续解开这种复杂性。罗塞利（2007）通过研究欧里庇德斯中性别和阶级的重叠，提供了一种局部的交叉性方法，我建议研究这些问题在《安德洛玛刻》、《特洛伊女人》、《赫库巴》和《酒神酒神》中的交叉性，也包括未被研究的、片断的欧里庇德斯戏剧，如《仙女座》和《希西普勒》。我认为，通过单独分析单一的等级制度，学术研究可能只提供了对这些悲剧的部分解读，尤其是那些所有三种等级制度话语同时被视为关键和潜在主题的悲剧。我问，为什么在欧里庇得斯的性格中，这种交集似乎反复出现；如果人们意识到等级制度是如何交叉的从而造成了层层压迫或者促进了被压迫者之间的团结；如果交织性隐含了欧里庇德斯戏剧中经常注意到的同一性和差异性的相互作用（戈德希尔1988）；如果，正如目前在现代社会理论中发生的那样，探索交叉的等级制度，而不是一次一个，可以“扩大和深化对人类生活和行为的理解”（Hill-Collins, Bilge 2020）。鉴于欧里庇德和奥维德诗歌之间经常被注意到的相互关系，分析奥维德如何处理欧里庇德的交叉层次将是有趣的。他的“Heroides”提供了一个诱人的与欧里庇得斯的平行，因为他们的主题亲和力，因为他们给了这些“劣等”人物说话的机会（Curley 2013）。我想分析奥维德是如何利用悲剧代码和挽歌代码之间的亲和力的，特别是它们对性别、阶级和种族的共同探索。欧里庇得斯和奥维德的比较必然回应了Matzner的最后请求，即将“弱声音”的交叉分析扩展到拉丁语以外的文学（Matzner 2018），以确定文学交叉性的结构特点。事实上，我的博士研究的最终目的在于探究一种交叉性的文学理论能否在其应用于古典文本时得以形成，并阐明之前女权主义、后殖民主义和马克思主义文学方法的偏袒。我的研究承诺不仅对古典研究，而且对文学理论产生重大影响，并与社会科学建立相互支持的关系。我设想我的研究和社会科学之间的关系是一种相互丰富和相互洞察的关系。例如，我问，性别、阶级和种族的交集是否会因其他等级制度的加入而进一步复杂化。问这个问题意味着与社会科学一起进步，因为“交集”的广度是当代交叉性研究的关键问题之一（Lutz 2015; Ludvig 2006）。由于我的研究本质上是跨学科的，我决心充分利用TORCH提供的资源，特别是通过交叉人文项目。通过它在学术界内外促进的广泛的批判性对话，交叉人文学科构成了对我的博士研究发展的支持，这是全球无与伦比的。

Previous scholarship abundantly examined how Euripidean tragedies challenge established hierarchies, yet did not examine their intersection. For instance, Goff separately analyses the thematic focuses in 'Trojan Women' on class, race, and gender (Goff 2009), yet refuses to investigate the thematic interconnection. While Allan rightly notices that the comparison between Andromache and Hermione in 'Andromache' is articulated with regard to their gender, and that it is further complicated by the recurrent discussion on what being barbarian means (Allan 2000), he does not proceed to unravel such complication. Following Roselli (2007), who provides a partial approach to intersectionality by investigating the overlap of gender and class in Euripides, I propose to investigate the intersection of these issues in 'Andromache', 'Trojan Women', 'Hecuba', and 'Bacchae', also including understudied, fragmentary plays of Euripides such as 'Andromeda' and 'Hypsipyle'. By separately analysing single hierarchies, scholarship, I argue, risks offering only a partial reading of these tragedies, especially those where all three hierarchical discourses simultaneously figure as crucial and underlying themes. I ask why this intersection appears to recur in Euripides' characters; if there is any such a thing as an awareness of how hierarchies intersect to create layers of oppression or foster solidarity between the oppressed; if intersectionality entails implications for the interplay of sameness and difference often noticed in Euripidean drama (Goldhill 1988); if, as it is currently happening in modern social theory, exploring intersected hierarchies rather than one at a time can 'broaden and deepen understandings of human life and behaviour' (Hill-Collins, Bilge 2020). Given the frequently noticed interrelation between Euripidean and Ovidian poetry, it will be of interest to analyse how Ovid handles Euripidean intersectional hierarchies. His 'Heroides' furnish a tantalising parallel to Euripides both because of their thematic affinities and because they give these 'inferior' characters a chance to speak (Curley 2013). I am minded to analyse how Ovid exploits the affinity between the tragic code and the elegiac one, specifically for their shared simultaneous exploration of gender, class, and race. The comparison of Euripides and Ovid necessarily responds to the final plea of Matzner to extend the intersectional analysis of the 'weaker voice' to literature other than Latin (Matzner 2018) to identify structural peculiarities of literary intersectionality. In fact, the ultimate aim of my doctoral research consists in entertaining whether a literary theory of intersectionality could be formulated at all in its application to classical texts and shed light on the partiality of previous feminist, post-colonialist, and Marxist literary approaches.My research then promises to have a significant impact not only on classical studies, but also on literary theory, and to stand in a relationship of mutual support with social sciences. The relationship I envision between my research and social sciences is one of mutual enrichment and reciprocal insight. I ask, for instance, whether intersections of gender, class, and race are further complicated by the addition of other hierarchies. Asking this means progressing along with social sciences, for the breadth of 'intersection' is one of the crucial issues in contemporary studies of intersectionality (Lutz 2015; Ludvig 2006). Because of the fundamentally interdisciplinary nature of my research, I am determined to make great use of the resources provided by TORCH, specifically through the Intersectional Humanities Programme. Through the broad range of critical conversations it promotes, both within and outside academia, Intersectional Humanities constitutes support for the development of my doctoral research that is globally unparalleled.