Future proofing urban neighbourhoods - Evaluating the roleof community co-design in delivering multipleenvironmental and social benefits from flood re

长期的全球气候变化和土地利用变化导致的极端天气模式增加了城市洪水的频率、分布和强度。这不仅威胁到人类生命(Richard，2016)，还对经济和社会发展产生连锁反应，洪水造成的损失和相关损失估计每年超过1040亿美元(Kundzewicz等人，2014)。洪水被列为英国最严重的自然灾害，超过六分之一的财产(总共约500万处财产)和国家关键基础设施中很高比例处于危险之中(环境局，2015)。据估计，洪水事件给英国经济造成了16亿英镑的损失(环境署，2018年)。此外，洪水会给社区带来相当大的问题(Lo和Chan，2017)，并扰乱人们的生活，对他们的身心健康和福祉产生重大影响(Tapsell和Tunstall，2008)。蓝色绿色基础设施(BGI)是城市地区自然或半自然区域的战略性规划网络，基于自然的解决方案(NBS)是应对涉及与自然合作的挑战的方法，其在使城市适应气候变化和减轻洪水影响方面的作用日益得到认可(欧盟委员会，2013年；Scott等人，2017年；Everett等人，2018年)。此外，华大基因和国家统计局可以带来其他好处，例如促进更健康的生活方式，从而增加福祉，支持绿色经济，改善生物多样性和生态弹性，改善水质和减缓气候变化(英国绿色建筑119委员会，2015；Le Li等人，2020)。因此，英格兰最近发布的洪水管理战略强调了需要采取比传统使用的灰色基础设施更广泛的行动，并要求在气候适应性强的地方纳入国家BS(英国政府，2020年)。也有越来越多的共识认为，增加社区参与可以改善洪水风险管理(FRM)项目的结果，好处包括：将当地知识整合到解决方案中(Lane等人，2011年)；减少当地阻力(Thaler和Levin-Keitel，2016)；改善信任(Begg等人，2015；Mehring等人，2018)；以及增强社区的长期韧性(Laurien等人，2020；McEwen等人，2018年)。此外，社区参与可能会带来更广泛的环境和社会效益，如更大的机构、公民参与和社会凝聚力。尽管如此，参与城市规划的进展仍然缓慢，缺乏合作和共同设计的机会常常阻碍社区的积极参与(Wilker等人，2016年)。此外，最近的工作突出表明，在动机、能力和能力方面存在差异的不同动机、能力和能力的不同社区公平参与存在挑战(Harrison等人，2021年)。这个博士项目将与Wildfowl&Wetland Trust合作，调查如何利用社区研究和共同设计来为华大基因和国家统计局管理洪水风险和创建有弹性的社区的努力提供信息。它将采取参与性和以行动为导向的方法，以公平地让居民参与并与他们合作-研究人员评估该方法的环境和社会效益

Extreme weather patterns caused by long-term globalclimate change coupled with land use change has increasedthe frequency, distribution and intensity of urban flooding.Not only does this threaten human life (Richard, 2016), italso has knock-on effects for both economic and socialdevelopment, with the cost of flood damage and associatedlosses estimated at over $104 billion per year globally(Kundzewicz et al., 2014).Flooding is ranked as the UK's most serious natural hazard,with more than one in six properties (around five millionproperties in total) and a high percentage of the nation'skey infrastructure at risk (Environment Agency, 2015).During 2015-16, flood events were estimated to have costthe British economy £1.6 billion (Environment Agency,2018). Additionally, flooding can cause considerableproblems for communities (Lo and Chan, 2017) anddisruption to people's lives that can have a significantimpact upon their physical and mental health and well-being (Tapsell and Tunstall, 2008). The role of Blue Green Infrastructure (BGI), the strategicallyplanned network of natural or semi natural areas withinurban areas and Nature Based Solutions (NBS), approachesto challenges that involve working with nature, areincreasingly recognised for their role in allowing cities toadapt to climate change and mitigate the impacts offlooding is increasingly recognised (European Commission,2013; Scott et al., 2017; Everett et al., 2018). Furthermore, BGI and NBS can bring additional benefitssuch as promoting healthier lifestyles that lead toincreased well-being, supporting the green economy,improving biodiversity and ecological resilience, improvingwater quality and climate change mitigation (UK GreenBuilding 119 Council, 2015; Le Li et al., 2020). As a result,England's recently published Flood Management strategy highlights the need for a broader range of actions than thegrey infrastructure traditionally used, and mandatesincorporation of NBS for climate resilient places (UKGovernment, 2020).There is also a growing consensus that increasedcommunity involvement improves the results of Flood RiskManagement (FRM) projects, with benefits including;integration of local knowledge into solutions (Lane et al.,2011); decreased local resistance (Thaler and Levin-Keitel,2016); improved trust (Begg et al., 2015; Mehring et al.,2018); and increased long-term community resilience(Laurien et al., 2020; McEwen et al., 2018). Furthermore, itis likely that community involvement may lead to widerenvironmental and social benefits such as greater agency,civic engagement and social cohesion. Despite this,progress regarding participation in urban planning remainsslow, with a lack of collaboration and co-designopportunities frequently preventing active participation ofcommunities (Wilker et al., 2016). Furthermore, recent workhas highlighted that there are challenges of equitablyengaging across diverse and highly mobile communities,with differences in motivations, capabilities and capacity(Harrison et al., 2021).Working with the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, this PhDproject will investigate how community research and co-design can be used to inform BGI and NBS efforts tomanage floods risk and create resilient communities. It willtake a participatory and action-oriented approach whichaims to equitably engage residents and work with them asco-researchers to evaluate the environmental and socialbenefits of the approach