Wild minds: how do apes learn about and use their physical environments?

项目背景野生猩猩（Pongo spp.）面对各种各样的身体，认知和情感挑战，包括波动的食物供应，导航动态的森林树冠，获得机械复杂的筑巢技能，长途旅行，以及应对蛇，栖息地丧失和与人类的致命冲突等威胁。由于这些困难，康复和释放的猩猩可能难以适应野外环境。为了成功地适应，康复的猩猩必须适应这些挑战，并在逆境中表现出毅力。该项目采用不同的研究方法相结合，以解决圈养类人猿的心理复原力问题。Resilience文献综述。本研究的目的是系统地总结现有的文献对人类和动物的韧性。目标如下：1.1：了解复原力的关键组成部分。1.2：总结用于人类的常见的建立依从性的方法及其有效性。1.3：总结常用的动物行为建立方法及其有效性。1.4：在猩猩康复中心的背景下，提出潜在有效的行为建立方法的建议。2.一级防范禁闭。了解访客存在/不存在对类人猿行为的影响。2.1：比较猩猩和大猩猩在有和没有显著访客存在的时间段内的社会，探索和压力相关行为。2.2：尝试一种新的姿势分类方法，看看特定的姿势是否与压力相关的行为相关。3.复原力研究。在圈养的大猩猩和红毛猩猩中试验一种恢复力建立方法。3.1：比较对照组和治疗组之间的持久性（尝试使用设备的时间长度）。3.2：比较对照组和治疗组之间的成功率（使用工具成功获取食物的次数）。3.3：比较对照组和治疗组之间的浏览操作所花费的总时间。新的研究对象。评估圈养大猩猩和猩猩的个性特征。4.1：比较所有个体之间接近的潜伏期（新恐惧症的指示）。4.2：比较所有个体之间操纵物体所花费的时间和操纵类型（探索风格的指示）。4.3：比较所有个体之间获得食物奖励的成功（解决问题能力的指示）。案例研究：Jiwa。评估认知和发育异常猩猩的工具使用能力。5.1：评估Jiwa使用工具的能力。5.2：试验训练方法，以证明工具的使用和分解工具的使用简化阶段。5.3：确定关键的发展阶段，在吉瓦的发展和比较这些与平均年龄的苏门答腊猩猩（Pongo abelii）。新奇的研究方法研究方法包括各种各样的方法，包括文献综述，行为观察，和实验。建立服从性的实验将涉及一种需要使用工具的新型装置，旨在鼓励非人类类人猿的持久性和解决问题的能力。潜在的应用和好处这项研究的结果将提供给总部设在印度尼西亚的猩猩兽医咨询小组，这是一个由猩猩保护主义者组成的小组。希望这项研究将有助于为未来的大型猿类恢复力领域的康复技术提供信息。

Project backgroundWild orangutans (Pongo spp.) face a diverse range of physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges, including fluctuating food availability, navigating a dynamic forest canopy, gaining mechanically complex nest-building skills, travelling for long distances, and coping with threats such as snakes, habitat loss, and lethal conflict with humans. Because of these difficulties, rehabilitated and released orangutans can struggle with adapting to the wild. In order to successfully adapt, rehabilitated orangutans must be resilient to these challenges and demonstrate perseverance in the face of adversity. This project uses a combination of different research methods in order to address the issue of psychological resilience in captive great apes.Aims and objectives1. Resilience literature review. The aim of this study is to systematically summarise the existing literature on human and animal resilience. The objectives are as follows 1.1: Gain an understanding of the key components of resilience. 1.2: Summarise common resilience-building methods used for humans and their effectiveness. 1.3: Summarise common resilience-building methods used for animals and their effectiveness.1.4: Make recommendations for potentially effective resilience-building methods in the context of orangutan rehabilitation centres. 2. Lockdown study. Understand the effect of visitor presence/absence on great ape behaviour.2.1: Compare the social, exploration, and stress-related behaviours of orangutans and gorillas during periods of time with and without significant visitor presence. 2.2: Trial a new methodology for categorising posture, to see whether specific postures are correlated with stress-related behaviours. 3. Resilience study. Trial a resilience building method in captive gorillas and orangutans.3.1: Compare the persistence (length of time attempting to use device) between control and treatment group.3.2: Compare the success rate (number of times tool is used to retrieve food successfully) between control and treatment group.3.3: Compare total time spent manipulating of browse between control and treatment group.4. Novel object study. Assess personality traits in captive gorillas and orangutans. 4.1: Compare latency to approach (indication of neophobia) between all individuals.4.2: Compare time spent manipulating object and type of manipulation (indication of exploration style) between all individuals.4.3: Compare success at obtaining food reward (indication of problem-solving ability) between all individuals.5. Case study: Jiwa. Assess tool using ability in orangutan with cognitive and developmental abnormalities. 5.1: Assess Jiwa's ability to use tools. 5.2: Trial training method to demonstrate tool use and break tool use down into simplified stages.5.3: Identify key developmental stages in Jiwa's development and compare these with average ages for Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii).Novelty of the research methodologyThe research methodology includes a variety of methods, including literature reviews, behavioural observations, and experiments. The resilience-building experiments will involve a novel apparatus requiring tool use, designed to encourage persistence and problem-solving in non-human great apes.Potential applications and benefitsThe findings of this research will be made available to the Orangutan Veterinary Advisory Group, based in Indonesia, which is a group of orangutan conservationists. It is hoped that this research will help to inform future rehabilitation techniques in the area of great ape resilience.