Zootherapy: Investigating the interconnection of magic-medicine-religion in Roman archaeology

动物疗法是使用动物、动物部位和动物产品来治疗或预防人类疾病的做法（Miller and Sykes 2016）。世界卫生组织（1993）指出，世界上80%的人口使用补充和替代药物（CAM），其中包括动物治疗方法。尽管全球社会都在实践这种疗法（Lev 2003），但“西方的”、“科学的”观点已经模糊了动物疗法，阻碍了我们对它的理解，无论是在一般情况下还是在考古记录中。我提议的研究将使用罗马考古学的证据来调查在考古记录中可以看到动物疗法的地方，动物疗法在理解罗马人对健康的态度方面的作用，为什么这在迄今为止的研究中被忽视，以及这如何影响我们对实行动物疗法的社会的态度。罗马时期是以下研究问题的理想背景：-动物疗法从罗马文本来源（例如，老普林尼和盖伦）中已知，但这些实践在哪里可以在物理证据中看到？-动物疗法的研究在考古学中罗马医学的传统讨论中处于什么位置，这些讨论目前由人类中心主义和考古植物学观点主导？动物治疗实践交叉了“西方”对魔法、医学和宗教的定义。这种后启蒙时代的观点告诉我们，在过去和现存的社会中，我们的“他者”是如何实践动物疗法的？我的博士研究将建立在我的M4C硕士工作的基础上，该工作将考虑动物疗法在考古理论中的作用，并概述一个人类学定义的工具包，用于识别动物治疗实践。这将表明我们应该根据这些实践的过去和现存记录寻找的考古证据的类型，并将成为我博士研究方法的基础。很明显，以罗马医学文献中提到的物种的动物考古证据为目标是有益的（例如，Miller和Sykes 2016）。我对目前巴西、尼日利亚、亚洲和中东的动物疗法进行的硕士调查表明，外来动物遗骸——尤其是那些被剃须或打磨的动物遗骸——也可能是动物疗法的标志，陶瓷中的脂质残留物也可能是动物疗法的标志，其中含有非食用动物蛋白。我将继续完善这个工具箱，并将其应用于罗马考古记录。利用我的发现，我将检查罗马遗址（如Venta Icenorum， Fishbourne Roman Palace和Vindolanda）已发表和未发表的考古报告，以建立一个动物考古证据数据库，可以通过动物治疗的透镜重新考虑。这将使我能够解决我的研究问题，并为罗马不列颠存在动物疗法建立一个案例。本研究将挑战当前的医学和过去的人类中心思想，并确定健康人文科学在考古实践中的新方向。它还将使我们能够更敏感地与使用动物疗法和CAM的社会接触，因为我们试图解决传统习俗与动物可持续利用之间的平衡。时间：-第一年：文献回顾，大英博物馆实习，数据收集-第二年：数据收集，Boots实习，数据库建立和分析-第三年：数据库建立和分析，写作

Zootherapy is the practice of using animals, animal parts and animal products to treat or prevent human illnesses (Miller and Sykes 2016). WHO (1993) states that 80% of the world's population uses complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), and this includes zootherapeutic practices. Although practised by societies globally and through time (Lev 2003), 'Western', 'scientific' perspectives have obscured zootherapy and hindered our understanding of it both generally and in the archaeological record.My proposed research will use evidence from Roman archaeology to investigate where zootherapeutic practices can be seen in the archaeological record, zootherapy's role in understanding Roman attitudes to health, why this has been overlooked in studies to date and how this affects our attitudes towards societies that practice zootherapy. The Roman period is an ideal context for the following researchquestions:- Zootherapy is known from Roman textual sources (for example, Pliny the Elder and Galen), but where can these practices be seen in the physical evidence?- Where do investigations for zootherapy fit in traditional discussions of Roman medicine in archaeology, which are currently dominated by anthropocentric and archaeobotanical perspectives?- Zootherapeutic practices cross-cut 'Western' definitions of magic, medicine and religion. What does this post-Enlightenment view tell us about our 'othering' of past and extant societies that practised or practise zootherapy?My PhD research will build on my M4C Masters work which will consider the role of zootherapy in archaeological theory and outline an anthropologically-defined toolkit for identifying zootherapeutic practices. This will indicate the types of archaeological evidence we should be seeking based on past and extant records of these practices, and will be the basis of the methodology for my PhD research. It is already clear that it will be profitable to target the zooarchaeological evidence of species mentioned in Roman medical texts (for example, Miller and Sykes 2016). My Masters investigation of current zootherapy in Brazil, Nigeria, Asia and the Middle East suggests that exotic animal remains - particularly those exhibiting shaving or grinding - could also indicate zootherapy, as could the lipid residues from ceramics which contain non-food animal proteins.I will continue to refine this toolkit as I apply it to the Roman archaeological record. Using my findings, I will examine published and unpublished archaeology reports from Roman sites such as Venta Icenorum, Fishbourne Roman Palace and Vindolanda to build a database of zooarchaeological evidence which can be reconsidered through a zootherapeutic lens. This will allow me to address my research questions andbuild a case for the existence of zootherapy in Roman Britain.This research will challenge current anthropocentric ideas of medicine and the past, and identify a new direction for Health Humanities in archaeological practice. It will also enable us to engage more sensitively with societies who use zootherapy and CAM as we attempt to address the balance between traditional customs and the sustainable use of animals.Timeline:- Year 1: Literature review, British Museum placement, data collection- Year 2: Data collection, Boots placement, database building and analysis- Year 3: Database building and analysis, write-up