Liberal Quaker anthropology, eschatology and racial justice

这个项目考虑的问题是：开明的贵格会对人的理解是什么，这种理解是有助于还是阻碍贵格会对种族公正未来的希望？为了回答这个问题，我带来了开明的贵格会神学人类学（如Scully和Dandelion）。2007年;Johns 2013)与Jurgen Moltmann的面向未来的人类学和黑人解放神学进行批判性对话（例如Hopkins 2005， Jennings 2010）。这使我能够阐明英国自由贵格会人类学的特征是如何与贵格会对未来的理解联系在一起的，并询问白人对人类的理解是如何被贵格会神学复制或挑战的。虽然已经有重要的工作研究贵格会的种族正义失败（McDaniel and Julye 2009），但到目前为止，还没有广泛参与贵格会神学的“白人”（Daniels 2018），这使得该项目对该领域做出了独特的贡献。这个项目也回应了最近贵格会研究中对自由贵格会人类学的更全面阐述的呼吁（Grant 2020）。这项研究采用了话语分析的形式，以诺丁汉大学广泛的神学资源为中心，以及伍德布鲁克的贵格会图书馆，一个世界领先的贵格会研究中心。该博士位于贵格会神学中的“内部建设性”和“外部建设性”方法之间（Kershner, 2018），为贵格会和更广泛的基督教神学界的利益借鉴贵格会和基督教思想。因此，它的影响是双重的。从“内部”看，它阐明了一种自由的贵格会人类学，作为贵格会神学的“白人”的第一次广泛接触之一，为贵格会提供了概念工具，以实现种族公正的未来。作为一名知名的贵格会教育家和作家，我很适合传播这些工具。我的第一本面向普通读者的书《贵格会塑造的基督教》将于2022年由基督教另类书籍公司出版。“向外看”，贵格会传统的象征和见解为更广泛的基督教末世论、人类学和种族正义思想提供了新的资源。英国贵格会得益于自由新教思想，这意味着这位博士对其他追求种族公正未来的自由新教传统具有特别重要的意义。我通过考察1890-1920年期间贵格会人类学来构建这个项目，这是英国自由贵格会的形成时期（Kennedy 2001）。我用黑人神学的见解来批评这一点，认为它不够唯物主义（忽视了身体和当前痛苦的现实），也不够历史性（无法解释白人至上主义等系统性罪恶）。我确定了这些缺陷是如何在当代自由贵格会思想（1994-2020）中得到回应或解决的。我通过借鉴自由主义传统之外的贵格会和基督教神学来弥补剩余的不足，从而结束了我的博士学位，提供了一个既可以识别贵格会的人类学，又为走向种族公正的未来奠定了更坚实的基础。

This project considers the questions: What is a liberal Quaker understanding of the human person, and does this understanding help or hinder the Quaker hope for a racially just future? To answer this question, I bring liberal Quaker theological anthropology (e.g. Scully and Dandelion (eds.) 2007; Johns 2013) into critical dialogue with the future-oriented anthropology of Jurgen Moltmann and black theologies of liberation (e.g. Hopkins 2005, Jennings 2010). This allows me to articulate how the characteristics of liberal British Quaker anthropology are related to Quaker understandings of the future, and ask how white understandings of the human person are replicated or challenged by Quaker theology.Although there has been important work examining Quakers' racial justice failings (McDaniel and Julye 2009), as yet there is no extensive engagement with the 'whiteness' of Quaker theology (Daniels 2018), making this project a unique contribution to the field. This project also answers the recent call within Quaker Studies for a fuller articulation of liberal Quaker anthropology (Grant 2020). This research takes the form of discourse analysis centred on the extensive theological resources of the University of Nottingham, and the Quaker Library at Woodbrooke, a world-leading centre for research into Quakerism. This PhD sits between the 'internal-constructive' and 'external-constructive' approaches within Quaker theology (Kershner, 2018), drawing on Quaker and Christian thought for the benefit of both Quakers and the wider Christian theological community. As such its impact is two-fold. Looking 'inwardly', it articulates a liberal Quaker anthropology that, as one of the first extensive engagements with the 'whiteness' of Quaker theology, provides conceptual tools for Quakers to work towards a raciallyjust future. As an established Quaker educator and writer, I am well-placed to disseminate these tools. My first book for a general audience, "Quaker Shaped Christianity", will be published by Christian Alternative Books in 2022. Looking 'outwardly', the symbols and insights of the Quaker tradition provide fresh resources for wider Christian thought on eschatology, anthropology and racial justice. British Quakerism's debt to liberal Protestant thought means this PhD is of particular significance to other liberal Protestant traditions in their pursuit of a racially just future.I structure this project by examining Quaker anthropology from the period 1890-1920, the formative years of liberal Quakerism in Britain (Kennedy 2001). I critique this using the insights of black theology, suggesting that it is insufficiently materialistic (neglecting both the body and the reality of present suffering), and insufficiently historical (being unable to account for systemic evils such as white supremacy). I identify how these deficiencies are echoed or addressed in contemporary liberal Quaker thought (1994-2020). I conclude the PhD by drawing on Quaker and Christian theology from outside the liberal tradition to repair remaining deficiencies, offering an anthropology that is both identifiably Quaker and a firmer foundation for action towards a racially just future.