Women's Participation in Campus Politics- A Case Study of Public Universities in Ghana

妇女影响公共政策和直接影响加纳施政的潜力怎么强调都不过分。然而，尽管妇女对政治充满热情，但在加纳，妇女在政治上并不像男子那样活跃。尽管女性占全国人口的51%，但女性议员仅占13.9%，低于全国平均水平，被誉为第四共和国以来的最高水平（Degraft，Alhassan，& Pantah，2016）。这个问题可以追溯到殖民时代，当时殖民者在权威职位上重视男子而不是妇女。不知道为什么他们更喜欢男人而不是女人。尽管如此，这可能与他们试图赢得殖民者的支持有关，因为早期的制度是父权制的，男性被认为比女性要求更大的忠诚度（Bawa，2013年）。独立后的政府努力让妇女参与治理，但未能产生必要的成果，使其成为一个包容性的制度，加纳正在作出重大努力，从数量和质量上增加妇女问题在议会中的代表性。女权组织、国际政府和非政府组织以及决策者都在努力促进政治中的两性平等。但可悲的是，这些努力只产生了“最小的改善”（Sossou，2011; Sanyare，2013）。多年来，一些研究调查了妇女参与政治的情况。然而，其中大多数都有限制范围。因此，本研究试图确定校园政治对妇女参与国家政治的影响。具体而言，本研究旨在实现以下目标：-评估女性参与校园政治的水平。探讨影响女性参与校园政治的主要因素。为了建立妇女参与校园政治与她们参与国家政治之间的关系，这项研究将采用一种混合研究设计，包括定量和定性数据收集和分析。主要和次要来源都被用来收集数据，以实现研究目标。研究的研究领域是加纳的四所主要公立大学。这项研究的对象是这些大学的女学生领袖，研究结果应该引起女权组织、政府、国际组织和人权倡导者的兴趣。在国内政策方面，该研究将确定性别、儿童和社会保障部应重点关注的领域，以便在全国所有地区实现社会经济和政治性别公平与平等。此外，这项研究将有助于增加关于如何提高妇女政治参与的知识。

Women's potential to influence public policy and directly impact Ghanaian governance cannot be overstated. Yet, despite women's enthusiasm for politics, women are not as active in politics as males are in Ghana. Even though women make up 51% of the country's population, only 13.9% of legislators are women, which is lower than the national average and has been hailed as the highest since the fourth republic (Degraft, Alhassan, & Pantah, 2016).Women's issues have not historically received appropriate attention. The problem dates back to the colonial era when colonizers valued men above women in positions of authority. It is unknown why they preferred men to women. Still, it may have something to do with their attempt to win over colonists, as earlier systems were patriarchal, and men were expected to demand greater loyalty than women (Bawa, 2013). Post-independent governments made efforts to allow women to participate in governance but fell short of producing the necessary outcomes to qualify as an inclusive system.In Ghana, substantial efforts are being made to increase the representation of women's issues quantitatively and qualitatively in parliament. Feminist organizations, international governmental and non-governmental organizations, and policymakers are all working hard to promote gender equality in politics. But sadly, these efforts have only producing "minimal improvements" (Sossou, 2011; & Sanyare, 2013). Over the years, a number of studies have looked into women participation in politics. However, majority of them have constrained scopes. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the impact of campus politics on women's participation in national politics. Specifically, the study seeks to achieve the following objectives;-To access the level of female participation in campus politics.-To investigate the major factors that affect female participation in campus politics.-To establish a relationship between women's participation in campus politics and their participation in national politics.The study will make use of a mixed research design that includes both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Both primary and secondary sources are employed in gathering data to achieve the research objectives. The study areas of the research are the four main public universities in Ghana. The study targets female student leaders of these universities.The findings of the study should be of interest to feminist organizations, governments, international organizations, and human rights advocates. In terms of domestic policy, the study would identify areas where the Ministry of Gender, Children, and Social Protection should focus in order to achieve socioeconomic and political gender equity and equality in all regions of the nation. Additionally, the study will contribute to the body of knowledge on how to increase women's political participation.