From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter: Racism and Anti-Racism within British football fanzines and fan websites, 1970-present

从Viv安德森到Black Lives Matter“将捕捉印刷和在线粉丝/网站如何复制和挑战从20世纪70年代到现在英国足球中占主导地位的种族话语。它将基于50年来大英图书馆馆藏的独立和俱乐部粉丝和网站的案例研究。“谈论英国人或英国人就是谈论白色人”（吉尔罗伊，1993年）。“我们国家”最受欢迎的运动--足球--的历史上充满了公开/隐蔽的种族主义的例子，这并不奇怪。社会学中一个充满活力的研究机构研究了这种种族主义是如何经历和表达的（Back et al. 2001; Burdsey 2007; 2011; Carrington 2008; Cleland and and Cashmore 2014; Ratna 2014）。令人遗憾的是，这一重要问题在很大程度上仍未被当代历史学家触及。为了解决这一历史空白，“从Viv安德森到黑人的生命问题”将捕捉印刷和在线fanzines/网站如何复制和挑战英国足球从20世纪70年代到现在的主导种族话语。基于50年来从BL的收藏中提取的独立和基于俱乐部的粉丝和网站的案例研究，它将迫使我们重新考虑现有的奖学金。通过对关键历史时刻的反应进行法医分析（见下文），它将扩大我们对粉丝社区内种族主义和反种族主义的历时性表达的知识和理解。重要的是，这将揭示印刷文化和数字文化如何随着时间的推移而发展，并评估它们对当今的影响。该项目将有两个不同的方法组成部分：1.一系列案例研究围绕着对关键历史时刻的反应展开。从1978年第一位为英格兰男子高级队效力的黑人球员Viv安德森开始，这些时刻可能涵盖了20世纪70年代末/80年代初国民阵线的干预;对1993年第一位担任英格兰足球队队长的黑人球员Paul因斯的反应;反种族主义团体和运动的出现; 1995年的博斯曼裁决和非英国球员在联赛中的崛起;与足球有关的伊斯兰恐惧症社会运动的出现，如英国国防联盟和足球少年联盟/民主足球少年联盟;直到最近的黑人生命问题。基于图书馆的研究，以确定与足球迷和英国网络档案馆内的相关材料，包括两个重叠的阶段。第一个是对从20世纪70年代至今的大英图书馆馆藏中提取的原始资料进行定位、整理和进一步编目。第二个涉及归纳定性内容分析（Krippendorff，2019）。这种档案研究可以补充口述历史（利维，2011年），包括半结构化的采访，创作者和贡献者，fanzines和在线社区，以及来自反种族主义组织的代表（例如，“把它踢出去”和“向种族主义出示红牌”。研究问题包括：-什么时候，以及为什么，印刷爱好者第一次与种族主义代表接触？- 印刷和数字文化在粉丝社区内的种族主义（再）生产中发挥了什么作用？ - 某些粉丝和网站何时、为何以及如何挑战种族主义？ - 新的数字技术在种族主义和反种族主义内容的创作、传播和体验方面发挥了什么作用？- 大英图书馆持有的印刷出版物和存档网站（主要是英国网络档案馆）带来了哪些档案和方法上的机遇和挑战，如何解决这些问题，并增强其访问权限和形象？

From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter' will capture how print and online fanzines/websites have both reproduced and challenged dominant racial discourses within British football from the 1970s to the present. It will be based on case studies of independent and club-based fanzines and websites drawn from the British Library's collections over a 50-year period.'To speak of the British or English people is to speak of white people' (Gilroy, 1993). That the history of 'our nation's' most popular sport - football - is replete with examples of overt / covert racism comes as no surprise. A vibrant body of research within sociology has examined how this racism is experienced and expressed (Back et al. 2001; Burdsey 2007; 2011; Carrington 2008; Cleland and Cashmore 2014; Ratna 2014). Regrettably, this important issue remains largely untouched by contemporary historians. To address this historiographical lacuna, 'From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter' will capture how print and online fanzines/websites have both reproduced and challenged dominant racial discourses within British football from the 1970s to the present. Based on case studies of independent and club-based fanzines and websites drawn from the BL's collections over a 50-year period, it will force us to reconsider existing scholarship. Through forensic analysis of responses to key historical moments (see below), it will expand our knowledge and understanding of diachronic expressions of racism and anti-racism within fan communities. Significantly, this will reveal how printed and digital cultures have developed over time and assess their impact on the present.The project will have two distinct methodological components:1. A series of case studies scaffolded around responses to key historical moments. Starting with Viv Anderson, the first black player to play for the men's senior England team in 1978, these moments might cover the intervention of the National Front in the late 1970s/early 1980s; responses to Paul Ince, the first black player to captain the England football team in 1993; the emergence of antiracist groups and campaigns; the Bosman ruling in 1995 and the rise of non-British players in the leagues; the emergence of football-related Islamophobic social movements, such as the English Defence League and the Football Lads Alliance/Democratic Football Lads Alliance; through to the recent Black Lives Matter campaign.2. Library-based research to identify relevant material with the holdings of football fanzines and within the UK Web Archive, comprising two overlapping phases. The first involves locating, collating, and further cataloguing of source materials drawn from British Library collections from the 1970s to the present day. The second involves inductive qualitative content analysis (Krippendorff, 2019). This archival research could be supplemented with oral history (Leavy, 2011), involving semi-structured interviews with creators of, and contributors to, the fanzines and online communities, as well as with representatives drawn from anti-racist organisations (e.g., 'Kick it Out' and 'Show Racism the Red Card'). Research questions include: - When, and why, did print fanzines first engage with racist representations? - What role have both print and digital cultures played in the (re)production of racism within fan communities? - When, why, and how did certain fanzines and websites challenge racism? - What role have new digital technologies played in the creation, circulation, and experience of both racist and anti-racist content? - What are the archival and methodological opportunities and challenges presented by the British Library's holdings of print publications and archived websites (primarily the UK Web Archive), and how can these be addressed, and their access and profile enhanced?