Precription Opioid Effects in Drug and Non-drug Abusers

描述(由调查人员提供)：处方阿片类药物滥用正在成为一个日益普遍和严重的公共卫生问题。2001年全国家庭药物滥用调查报告显示，2000年非医疗原因首次使用处方阿片类药物的人数达到200万人，这一数字自1984年以来增加了五倍，2002年药物滥用警告网(曙光)报告显示，1994年至2001年期间，急诊科提到几种处方阿片类药物的次数增加了一倍多。尽管有这些趋势，但很少有实验研究针对了解谁可能在什么条件下滥用这些药物。目前的应用将在两个单独的研究中检查两种常用阿片类药物(羟可酮、可待因)的强化、主观、表现和生理效果。由于尚不清楚谁在滥用处方阿片类药物，因此将比较吸毒者和非吸毒者的用药效果。由于目前还不清楚这些药物是在什么条件下使用的，因此将在存在和不存在实验诱导的疼痛的情况下检查羟可酮和可待因的效果。对于每项研究，将检查[吸毒史(吸毒者，非吸毒者)]和两个受试者内部变量[疼痛状况(疼痛，无疼痛)；药物剂量(安慰剂，低剂量，高剂量)]之间的一个变量。由于之前的研究已经显示出对阿片类药物的反应存在性别差异，我们将尝试在每项研究中招募同等数量的男性和女性，以便我们能够对羟可酮和可待因的反应进行探索性分析。这些研究的结果将提供关于谁可能滥用处方阿片类药物的重要信息，并将提供更好的了解可能影响滥用这些药物倾向的几个重要变量。

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): Prescription opioid abuse is becoming an increasingly widespread and serious public health concern. The 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse report revealed that the number of first-time users of prescription opioid medications for non-medical reasons reached 2.0 million in the year 2000, a number that has quintupled since 1984, and the 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) report showed that the number of emergency department mentions of several prescription opioid medications more than doubled between 1994 and 2001. Despite these trends, little experimental research has been directed towards understanding who may be abusing these medications, and under what conditions. The current application will examine the reinforcing, subjective, performance, and physiological effects of two commonly prescribed opioid medications (oxycodone, codeine) in two separate studies. Because it is not clear who is abusing prescription opioids, the medication effects will be compared in drug abusers and non-drug abusers. And because it is not clear under what conditions these medications are used, the effects of oxycodone and codeine will be examined in the presence and absence of experimentally-induced pain. For each study, one between- [drug use history (drug abusers, non-drug abusers)] and two within-subjects variables [pain condition (pain, no pain); medication dose (placebo, low, high dose)] will be examined. Because previous studies have shown sex differences in response to opioid medications, we will attempt to enroll equivalent numbers of men and women in each study so that we can conduct exploratory analyses of sex differences in response to oxycodone and codeine. The results of these studies will yield important information about who may be abusing prescription opioid medications, and will provide a better understanding of several important variables that may influence the propensity to abuse these medications.