Safety strategies and engineering solutions for hydrogen heavy-duty vehicles

低碳经济的战略政治发展使零排放应用的实际实施成为可能，包括氢燃料重型车辆（HDV），如公共汽车和卡车。在公共交通中使用氢意味着对公共汽车设计的严格要求。并不是所有的知识差距都被关闭，以制造本质上更安全的HDV运输，包括双层巴士。行业和监管机构特别关注HDV设计的两个方面，这两个方面被认为是成功推出HDV的关键：- 制定重型车辆的加油协议，该协议能够提供与现代化石燃料车辆相当的加油时间，但不会危及车载压缩氢存储系统（CHSS）的安全，以及-当前CHSS的耐火等级，这可能会导致它们在火灾中破裂，造成灾难性后果，即爆炸波、火球和射弹。该项目将严格审查不同设计和部门（即公共汽车和卡车）的HDV的“旧”和新危害。现有的预防和缓解安全战略和工程解决方案，知识差距和技术瓶颈，在提供HDV的安全将被确定和分析。预期的研究成果可以是以下形式：-HDV固有安全设计的建议，-不同CHSS的加油协议; -使用TPRD的CHSS的优化安全设计; -基于自排气无TPRD容器的CHSS的安全设计。据设想，该研究将依赖于使用计算流体动力学（CFD）来研究和优化加油过程中的热量和质量传递，CHSS在不同强度的实际火灾中的性能，包括阴燃和冲击射流火灾。成功的候选人预计将在以下学科之一方面拥有深厚的背景：数学、物理、化学、流体动力学、传热和传质、燃烧。任何以前的理论分析和/或数值研究的经验是受欢迎的。该研究将在HySAFER中心进行。候选人将专注于CFD建模和数值模拟，使用相关软件（ANSYS Fluent，FieldView等）以及最先进的计算资源-HySAFER中心提供的多处理器工作站和EPSRC KELVIN-2项目内提供的HPC设施。这项研究将与HySAFER的外部资助项目保持一致，并在国际会议上报告。预计将在同行评审的期刊上发表结果。

Strategic political developments towards a low carbon economy enable practical implementation of zero-emission applications including hydrogen-fuelled heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) such as buses and trucks. The use of hydrogen in public transport implies stringent requirements of bus design. Not all knowledge gaps are closed to manufacture inherently safer HDV transport, including double-deck buses. Industry and regulators have particular concerns about two aspects of HDV design that are considered critical for their successful roll-out: - development of refuelling protocol for heavy-duty vehicles capable to provide refuelling time comparable with modern fossil-fuel vehicles and yet not jeopardising the safety of onboard compressed hydrogen storage system (CHSS), and - fire-resistance rating of current CHSS, which may lead to their rupture in a fire with catastrophic consequences, i.e. blast wave, fireball and projectiles. The project will critically review "old" and new hazards of HDV of different designs and sectors, i.e. buses and trucks. Existing prevention and mitigation safety strategies and engineering solutions, knowledge gaps and technological bottlenecks in the provision of safety of HDV will be identified and analysed. The expected research outcomes may be in the form of: - recommendations for the inherently safer design of HDV, - fuelling protocol for different CHSS; - optimised safety design of CHSS using TPRD; - safety design of CHSS based on self-venting TPRD-less containers. It is envisaged that the research will rely on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to study and optimise the heat and mass transfer during refuelling, the performance of CHSS in realistic fires of different intensity, including smouldering and impinging jet fires. The successful candidate is expected to have a strong background in one of the following disciplines: mathematics, physics, chemistry, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, combustion. Any previous experience of theoretical analysis and/or numerical studies is welcome. The research will be conducted at the HySAFER Centre. The candidate will focus on CFD modelling and numerical simulations, use relevant software (ANSYS Fluent, FieldView, etc.) and the state-of-the-art computational resources - multi-processor workstations available at HySAFER Centre and HPC facility available within EPSRC KELVIN-2 project. This research will be aligned to HySAFER's externally funded projects and reported at international conferences. Publication of results in peer-reviewed journals is expected.