Investigating the impacts of environmentally relevant microplastic exposures on iconic wetland biota in a multi-stressor

本项目的目的是研究MP对普通青蛙，林蛙，无论是作为异质组合，并与其他无处不在的压力共同暴露的影响。具体目标是：1.确定拉姆萨尔指定（受保护48）和农业FW湿地中的MP污染。探讨异源MP组合对蛙类存活、生长、变态和性腺发育的影响.为了研究MP对环境相关污染物混合物和/或模拟热浪的多应激源暴露的综合和相对影响，MP研究由于公众意识/关注而具有固有的高影响力，因此，它经常在主流媒体上报道。MP具有高度的话题性，包括对野生动物和人类健康的关注（例如，“plasticenta”53）。令人惊讶的是，没有可用的报告详细说明环境相关的MP组合物对生物群的影响，因此MP的生物效应仍然不明确。此外，现在人们普遍认识到，在绝大多数情况下，对野生动物的伤害是多种相互作用的压力因素的结果，污染和全球变暖是对生物多样性产生负面影响的压力因素。MP和多重压力研究相结合，并纳入污染/全球变暖和高度受威胁的生物群（即两栖动物），汇集了几个高度热门的研究。因此，预计这项工作将在学术界（出版物、会议）、决策者（环境、林业和农村事务部/环保总局）和公众（外联）中引起高度兴趣/产生影响。Defra/SEPA的支持表明，拟议项目符合区域/国家优先事项，并为向决策者传播研究结果提供了明确的途径

The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of MPs on the common frog, Rana temporaria, both as heterogenous assemblages, and upon co-exposure with other ubiquitous stressors. The specific objectives are to: 1. To determine MP contamination in Ramsar designated (protected48) and agricultural FW wetlands.2. To investigate the effects of heterogenous MP assemblages on survival, growth, metamorphosis and gonadal development in common frogs.3. To investigate the combined and relative effects of MPs upon multi-stressor exposures with an environmentally relevant pollutant mixture and/or a simulated heat wave.MP research is inherently high impact due to public awareness/concern, as such, it is often reported upon in the mainstream media. MPs are highly topical, encompassing both concerns for wildlife and for human health (e.g. 'plasticenta' 53). Surprisingly, there are no available reports detailing the effects of environmentally relevant MP assemblages on biota, and therefore the biological effects of MPs remain poorly defined. Furthermore, it is now widely recognised that in the vast majority of cases, harm to wildlife is the result of multiple interacting stressors, and that pollution and global warming represent stressors negatively impacting great swathes of biodiversity8. The combination of MP and multi-stressor research, and the incorporation of pollution/global warming and highly threatened biota (i.e. amphibians), brings together several highly topical strands of research. Thus, this work is expected to generate a high level of interest/impact within academia (publications, conferences), amongst policy makers (Defra/SEPA) and with the general public (outreach). The support of Defra/SEPA demonstrate alignment of the proposed project with regional/national priorities, as well as providing a clear avenue for the dissemination of findings to policy makers