Time allocated for sleep: sociodemographic correlates

描述（由申请人提供）：这个人口健康的跨学科项目将确定成人和儿童的睡眠时间和时间是否存在长期趋势，以及经济和人口因素是否影响睡眠时间。睡眠约占人一生的三分之一。从历史上看，睡眠时间在健康研究中受到的关注相对较少。然而，近年来越来越多的证据表明，人们的睡眠时间会影响多种健康和功能领域，包括记忆和学习、免疫功能、碳水化合物代谢、食欲和死亡率。实验研究和观察研究都表明，长期睡眠时间不足的人可能会加速肥胖和糖尿病等与年龄有关的健康问题的发展或增加其严重程度。考虑到睡眠不足的后果，睡眠时间的长期减少对人们的健康和福祉意义重大。过去40年的一些调查询问了人们通常的睡眠时间，近年来睡眠时间似乎有缩短的趋势。然而，这个调查问题可能有微弱的效度。因此，关于睡眠时间是否确实减少存在争议。本项目旨在通过分析一系列主要由劳动经济学家使用的数据集，包括24小时时间日记，来克服这些数据的局限性。从1965年开始收集成人数据，从1981年开始收集儿童数据。第一个目标是确定在过去的40年里，成年人的睡眠时间是否减少了，或者过去的20年里，儿童的睡眠时间是否减少了。此外，我们将研究种族、收入、劳动力参与和家庭结构等社会人口特征是否能预测睡眠分配时间，以及这些关联是否会随着时间的推移而改变。还有证据表明，倒班工人在白天睡觉，“无视”自己的生物钟，这增加了发生事故、降低生产力、患心血管疾病和胃肠道疾病的风险。因此，我们也对人们睡觉的时间是否有趋势感兴趣。我们还将调查儿童的就寝时间是否发生了变化。这些分析的结果将为睡眠行为的历史趋势提供新的见解。睡眠时间可能是社会人口因素与健康之间的因果关系，并可能导致健康差异。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This interdisciplinary project in population health will determine whether there are secular trends in sleep duration and timing for adults and children and whether economic and demographic factors affect sleep duration. Sleep comprises approximately one-third of a person's life. Historically, sleep duration has received relatively little attention in studies of health. However, recent years have seen mounting evidence that how much people sleep affects diverse health and functional domains, including memory and learning, immune function, carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, and mortality. Both experimental and observational studies suggest that persons who chronically sleep short hours may accelerate the development or increase the severity of age-related health problems such as obesity and diabetes. Considering the consequences of insufficient sleep, a secular decrease in sleep duration would be significant for the health and well-being of the population. A few surveys over the past 40 years have asked about usual sleep hours and there appears to be a trend to shorter sleep hours in recent years. However, this survey question may have weak validity. Thus, controversy exists concerning whether or not sleep duration has in fact declined. The present project aims to overcome the limitations of such data by analyzing a series of datasets primarily used by labor economists that include 24-hour time diaries. Data were collected in adults beginning in 1965 and in children beginning in 1981. The first aim is to determine if time allotted for sleep has declined over the past 40 years for adults or over the past 20 years for children. Furthermore, we will examine whether sociodemographic characteristics such as race, income, workforce participation and family structure predict time allotted for sleep and whether these associations have changed over time. There is also evidence that shiftworkers, who "override" their circadian clocks by sleeping during the day, are at increased risk of accidents, reduced productivity, cardiovascular disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, we are also interested in whether there are trends in when people sleep. We will also examine whether the bedtimes of children have changed. The results of these analyses will provide novel insight into historical trends in sleep behavior. Sleep duration may be on the causal pathway between sociodemographic factors and health and may contribute to health disparities.