The ionosphere of Jupiter in the Juno era

“自2016年以来，美国宇航局朱诺号航天器一直在木星轨道上运行，在长达53天的极地轨道上运行。这为我们提供了全新的、引人注目的视角，与我们在地球上看到的非常不同。轨道飞行器上的近红外仪器（JIRAM -木星红外极光绘图仪）提供了电离层的惊人数据，电离层是高层大气的带电粒子成分。电离层是一个非常重要的区域，因为它可以“感觉到”磁场，并且在大气和磁层之间交换动量和能量。木星上令人惊叹的明亮和多变的极光显示提供了一种加热两极高层大气的机制，但这种能量是如何重新分配到低纬度地区的呢？我们对远离极光区域的电离层的了解非常有限，而朱诺JIRAM提供了一个窗口，通过它我们可以开始了解这个区域。电离层中的主要离子是分子离子H3+，通过使用莱斯特大学开发的模型拟合其观察到的光谱，我们可以确定地球上任何特定点的温度和离子密度，每个连续的轨道都提供了这些随时间变化的观点。该项目将研究木星高层大气中的能量是如何重新分配的，以及由湍流低层大气产生的重力波加热在全球范围内的重要性。还将有机会利用NASA在夏威夷的红外望远镜设施领导朱诺支持观测，从中我们可以确定磁层对电离层和大气施加的强迫量，这是对朱诺JIRAM获得的高空间分辨率数据的高度补充的数据产品。

"The NASA Juno spacecraft has been in orbit at Jupiter since 2016 in 53 day long polar orbit. This provides completely new and dramatic views of the planet, very different from the ones we get from here at Earth. The near-infrared instrument on the orbiter (JIRAM - the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper) provides stunning data of ionosphere, the charged particle component of the upper atmosphere. The ionosphere is a very important region since it can 'feel' the magnetic field, and is there for a region where momentum and energy is exchanged between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere. The stunningly bright and variable auroral displays at Jupiter provides a mechanism to heat the upper atmosphere at the poles, but how is this energy re-distributed towards lower latitudes? Our understanding of the ionosphere away from the auroral region is very limited, and Juno JIRAM provides a window through which we can begin to understand this region. A dominant ion in the ionosphere is the molecular ion H3+, and by fitting its observed spectrum using the model developed at Leicester we can determine the temperature and ion density of any particular point on the planet, with each successive orbit providing a view of how this changes over time. This project will investigate how energy is re-distributed in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, and how important the heating by gravity waves, generated by the turbulent lower atmosphere, are on a global scale. Will also have the opportunity to lead Juno support observations using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii, from which we can determine the amount of forcing that the magnetosphere exerts on the ionosphere and atmosphere, a highly complementary data product to the high spatial resolution data taken by Juno JIRAM.