The Sacred Volcano and the Extremely Large Telescope; Structural Violence and Conflicting Notions of Pollution at Mauna a Wakea, Hawai'i

莫纳瓦凯亚山是夏威夷岛上的一座休眠火山，以“天空之父”的名字命名。它被认为是一个神圣的地方和生活相对于土著夏威夷人。这座山也是大地的apiko（脐带，精神中心），因此是一个强大的地方，作为绳索将祖先与生活联系起来，将天堂与地球联系起来。然而，夏威夷土著人并不是唯一对这座山感兴趣的人。它也恰好是北方半球地面天文学的最佳地点，因为它是太平洋的最高点，正如科学家喜欢说的那样，它的“大气、电子和光污染”水平非常低（莫里森，1973年）。出于这个原因，山上已经有13台望远镜，目前最大的30米望远镜（TMT）正在计划中。Kia'i Mauna（夏威夷土著山的保护者）认为他们有责任确保不再在山上进行更多的建设，这导致了Mauna a Wakea的持续冲突。我建议在加州理工学院（位于加州帕萨迪纳）和夏威夷进行人种学研究。加州理工学院是TMT背后的组织之一，我想采访天文学家，收集他们如何在这场冲突中定位自己的定性数据。我想研究天文学家在多大程度上意识到与天文学有关的文化背景，他们如何解释夏威夷土著人与莫纳瓦基亚火山的联系，以及为什么他们认为科学天文学应该优先于当地信仰。在夏威夷，我想采访那些反对建立TMT和保护夏威夷文化信仰的组织的人。我想通过这些采访探讨的一个话题是，当地人如何体验天文学实践阿萨一种文化污染的形式。我想研究夏威夷人与他们的土地、精神和祖先的联系的障碍如何污染他们对自己的社会意识。我还提出了这种污染和结构性暴力之间的联系，即系统产生的不公正，以及其他结果，阻止了被边缘化的人获得自我实现。天文学通常被认为是无污染和非暴力的，但这在很大程度上取决于谁来决定什么是暴力或污染。我将开始学习夏威夷语，因为夏威夷语是夏威夷文化和宇宙观的重要组成部分。虽然我希望英语在面试中成为主导语言，但我认为重要的是，受访者可以自由地使用夏威夷语最好的术语和谚语，而且我能理解它们。我也觉得，作为一个局外人，我对“奥莱洛夏威夷”节目有了解，我认真对待夏威夷文化和它的压抑，并尽我所能尽可能真实地描绘他们的故事。天文学通常被认为是一门平衡的科学，向我们展示了我们的集体历史和在宇宙中的位置，这项研究旨在展示它同样可以创造的鸿沟。它可能会改变公众对天文学的看法，并有助于人类学对该领域的理解。它也有可能成为一个贡献的话语围绕土地所有权的殖民空间。在公共话语和政治中，公众对殖民历史和土地权利问题的认识正在增加。我认为莫纳瓦凯亚山的故事是这类话题的一个关键例子，并相信它有可能影响人们对这些问题的思考

Mauna a Wakea is a dormant volcano on the Island of Hawai'i that is named after the "sky father". Itis considered to be a sacred place and living relative to the native Hawaiians. The mountain is also apiko (umbilical cord, spiritual centre) of the land and therefore a powerful place that acts as the cordthat ties the ancestors to the living and the heavens to the earth. The native Hawaiians are not theonly people who have an interest in the mountain however. It also happens to be the best place forground-based astronomy in the Northern Hemisphere because it is the highest point in the Pacificand, as scientists like to put it, it has exceptionally low levels of 'atmospheric-, electronic- and light pollution' (Morrison, 1973). For this reason, 13 telescopes are already on the mountain and plans arein the works for the biggest one yet, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The kia'i mauna (nativeHawaiian protectors of the mountain) see it as their duty to ensure no more construction is evercarried out on the mountain, which has resulted in an ongoing conflict at Mauna a Wakea. I proposeto conduct ethnographic research at both Caltech (in Pasadena, California) and on Hawaii. Caltech isone of the organisations behind the TMT and I want to conduct interviews with the astronomers tocollect qualitative data on how they position themselves within this conflict. I want to examine inhow far astronomers are aware of the cultural context connected to astronomy, how they considerthe native Hawaiians' connection to Mauna a Wakea, and why they feel that scientific astronomyshould be prioritised over local beliefs. In Hawaii I want to interview people from organisations whofight against the building of the TMT and for the preservation of Hawaiian cultural beliefs. One of thetopics I want to explore through these interviews is how the astronomy practices are experienced asa form of cultural pollution by the natives. I want to examine how the obstruction of the Hawaiianpeople's connection to their land, spirits, and ancestors can pollute their societal awareness ofthemselves. I also propose a link between this pollution and structural violence, meaning injusticesproduced by systems that, among other outcomes, prevent the people it marginalises from gainingself-actualisation. Astronomy is generally considered to be non-polluting and non-violent, but that isgreatly dependent upon who gets to decide what is considered as violence or pollution. I will betaking lessons to gain an elementary proficiency in the Hawaiian language as the language is anessential part of the Hawaiian culture and cosmologies. Although I expect English to be the drivinglan-guage in the interviews, I think it is important that the interviewees feel free to use terms andsayings best expressed in Hawaiian, and that I can understand them. I also feel that, as an outsider,having knowledge of the 'Olelo Hawai'i shows I take the Hawaiian culture and its suppressionseriously and want to do my best at portraying their stories as authentically as possible. Whereastronomy is generally considered to be an equalising science, showing us where our collectivehistory and place in the cosmos is, this research aims to show the divide it can likewise create. Itcould change the way the general public considers astronomy and help give rise to ananthropological understanding of the field. It also has potential to be a contribution to the discoursesurrounding land ownership in colonised spaces. Public consciousness about colonial histories andthe questions surrounding land rights are increasing in public discourse and politics. I consider thestory of Mauna a Wakea to be a key example of this kind of topic and believe it has the potential toimpact how these questions are considered