Constructing a Model for Smart City Strategy Building in Latin American Cities

拉丁美洲目前是全球城市化程度最高的地区，超过80%的人口居住在城市（世界银行，2020年）。拉丁美洲城市往往面临治理，竞争力，拥堵，蔓延和犯罪等问题（Calderon et al，2018），这些问题因其高度城市化的环境而变得更加严重。随着城市治理转向更多地使用技术、大数据和基于互联网的工具，协调一致和负责任的干预措施战略规划可以成为应对拉丁美洲城市具体情况和鼓励增强公民权能的综合办法。智慧城市措施（包括基于信息和通信技术的解决方案），有可能大大提高经济，环境和社会绩效（Caragliu等人，2011年），如果协调成功。现有的智慧城市框架和战略往往是在全球北方的背景下制定的，因此往往采取与拉丁美洲城市不同的基线位置。这一基线可导致提出先进措施的战略建议，这需要首先在基础设施和技能方面进行大量投资。不一致的战略也可能优先考虑拉丁美洲城市已经具有优势的方面，例如公民参与平台或某些环境干预措施（de Halleux & Estache，2018），因此有限的资金可能会被低效使用。综合和长期战略建设和治理方面的差距已被确定为智慧城市实施的主要障碍，无论是在发展中国家（Tan & Taeihagh，2020），还是在拉丁美洲（Marchetti等人，2019年）。成功的举措依赖于全面的长期协调，这可以使战略目标、吸引资本、社会赋权和改善服务的提供取得一致进展（Lee等人，2014）。这并不是说拉丁美洲没有成功的智慧城市干预措施。可以观察到若干举措和战略的实例，从中可以吸取经验教训，并将其应用于有类似问题的其他城市。例如，里约业务中心是一个备受讨论的大规模城市监测/数据收集中心（佩雷拉等人，2016年），麦德林自2007年以来一直在实施智能城市/数字政策（Useche等人，2013年），以及其他城市，如库里蒂巴，在追求其他环境目标的同时制定了智能措施（Macke等人，2018年）。一个连贯的基于战略的智慧城市实施方法将有助于加快拉丁美洲城市的发展和生活质量，并实现和监测更广泛的环境目标。良好的智慧城市战略建设工具应该从拉丁美洲和全球北方的优势中双向吸取经验教训。ASCIMER倡议显示了智慧城市措施治理/实施所需的考虑和差异的一个很好的例子，该倡议确定了南部和东部地中海（北非和近东）城市与更发达的北方地中海（欧洲）相比，智慧城市发展的不同优势和“挑战”（ASCIMER，2017）。研究将有助于了解拉丁美洲城市在这一领域的主要障碍和资源，而建立一个框架/综合战略将通过可行的手段锚这一知识，以回答如何以全面、公平和长期的方式解决这些问题。

Latin America is currently the most urbanised global region, with >80% of its population living in cities (World Bank, 2020). Latin American cities tend to face problems in governance, competitiveness, congestion, sprawl, and crime, (Calderon et al, 2018), made more acute by their highly urbanised circumstances. As city governance moves towards greater use of technology, big data and internet-based tools, coherent and accountable strategic planning of interventions can represent an integrated approach to respond to the specific circumstances of Latin American cities and encourage citizenempowerment. Smart City measures (including ICT-based solutions), have the potential to greatly improve economic, environmental and social performance (Caragliu et al, 2011), when co-ordinated successfully. Existing Smart City frameworks and strategies tend to have been developed in the context of the Global North, and therefore often assume different baseline positions than may be appropriate for Latin American cities. This baseline can lead to strategy recommendations of advanced measures, which require significant investment first in infrastructure and skills. Misaligned strategies may also prioritise aspects which are already strengths of Latin American cities, e.g. citizen engagement platforms or certain environmental interventions (de Halleux & Estache, 2018), and so limited funds may be used inefficiently. A gap in integrated and long-term strategy building and governance has been identified as a key barrier to Smart City implementation, both in developing countries generally (Tan & Taeihagh, 2020), and in Latin America specifically (Marchetti et al., 2019). Successful initiatives rely on comprehensive long term coordination, which can allow for consistent progress towards strategic goals, attraction of capital, social empowerment, and improved delivery of services (Lee et al., 2014). This is not to say that there have been no successful Smart City interventions in Latin America. Several examples of initiatives and strategies can be observed, from which lessons can be learned and applied to other cities with similar problems. For example, the Rio Operations Centre is a much discussed large-scale urban monitoring/data gathering centre (Pereira et al., 2016), Medellin has been implementing Smart City/Digital policies since 2007 (Useche et al., 2013), and other cities such as Curitiba have enacted smart measures whilst pursuing other environmental goals (Macke et al, 2018).A coherent strategy-based approach towards Smart City implementation would aid in the acceleration of development and quality of life in Latin American cities, and in achieving and monitoring broader environmental objectives. Good Smart City strategy building tools should incorporate lessons learned bi-directionally from strengths of both Latin America and the Global North. A good example of the required consideration and divergence in smart city measure governance/implementation by region is shown by the ASCIMER initiative, which identified differing strengths and "challenges" to smart city development, for cities in the south and east Mediterranean (North Africa and the Near East), compared to the more developed northern Mediterranean (Europe) (ASCIMER, 2017). Research would contribute knowledge to understand the key impediments and resources which Latin American cities have in this area, and the creation of a framework/integrated strategy would anchor this knowledge through actionable means to answer how these issues can be addressed in a comprehensive, equitable, long-term manner.