Multi-Species Interactions in a Scandinavian Large-Mammal Community

在过去的一个世纪里，欧洲的大型食肉动物已经回到了由于人为干扰而经历并继续经历重大变化的地区。本研究旨在研究多物种相互作用如何在斯堪的纳维亚大型哺乳动物群落中表现出来。第一章将研究哪些因素在解释狼群在斯堪的纳维亚的建立和持续方面是重要的，并对探索种间因素和人为因素的作用特别感兴趣。然后，第二章和第三章将研究狼-熊-有蹄类动物群落中的种间互动，以了解这种关系如何在更精细的尺度上表现出来。特别是，第二章将研究狼/熊在分娩期间对新生有蹄类动物的综合影响，而第三章将探讨捕食者-猎物关系如何随着猎物类型（半家养驯鹿/野生驼鹿）和栖息地复杂性（开放/封闭）的变化而变化，作为人类诱发风险的潜在函数。这项研究将与斯堪的纳维亚棕熊项目合作进行。

Over the past century, Europe's large carnivores have returned to regions which have undergone, and continue to undergo, significant change as a result of anthropogenic perturbations. This study seeks to examine how multi-species interactions manifest within a Scandinavian large mammal community. The first chapter will examine which factors are important in explaining wolf pack establishment and persistence in Scandinavia, with a particular interest in the exploring the role of inter-specific and anthropogenic factors. The second and third chapter will then examine interspecific interactions within a wolf-bear-ungulate community, to understand how such relationships manifest at finer-scales. In particular, the second chapter will examine the combined effect of wolf/bear predation on neonate ungulates during the parturition period, whilst the third chapter will explore how predator-prey relationships vary with prey type (semi-domestic reindeer/wild moose) and habitat complexity (open/closed), as a potential function of human-induced risk. This study will be conducted in collaboration with the Scandinavian Brown Bear Project.