Monitoring and detecting invasive species in anthromes: bees on the Faroe Islands

法罗群岛是一个由多个岛屿组成的群岛，位于设得兰和冰岛之间的大西洋。在公元4世纪和6世纪之间，人们开始在这些岛屿上定居，带来了庄稼和牲畜，从而极大地改变了岛屿的植物和植被。如今，值得注意的是，当地的风景中没有蜜蜂--蜜蜂、大黄蜂和孤独的蜜蜂。然而，在过去十年左右的时间里，更多的几种大黄蜂被记录在案，其中最丰富的是熊蜂。这为探索这种物种的入侵提供了一个独特的机会，并注意到这些入侵者可能对当地动植物产生的任何影响。通常，大黄蜂的入侵伴随着本土蜜蜂物种的流离失所，但在这种情况下，没有本土蜜蜂物种的存在。将使用几种工具来探索法罗群岛的植物-传粉者网络。这使得可以通过大黄蜂入侵导致的某些物种的添加(或移除)进行预测。大部分数据收集将通过监测完成，但环境DNA(EDNA)也将被用作探索法罗群岛当代和历史景观的工具。记录表明，蜜蜂以前就被引入了，而适应蜜蜂授粉的植物的存在也表明了这一点。土壤样本将在历史上记录过蜂巢和提取埃德纳的地区进行，以建立历史上植物传粉者网络的更大图景。因此，该项目将致力于解决以下一些问题：1.大黄蜂物种的入侵如何影响没有记录的本地蜜蜂的人类，重点是：本地传粉者？原生植物群？2.在泥炭核心样品中能检测到并量化历史蜜蜂Edna吗？3.适应蜜蜂授粉的植物群是否在特定的环境系统中进化出了不同的机制(例如自交？)

The Faroe Islands are an archipelago of islands located in the Atlantic Ocean, between Shetland and Iceland. Between the 4th and 6th century AD, people began to settle on the islands, bringing with them crops and livestock, and consequently changing the flora and vegetation of the islands drastically. Nowadays, noticeably absent from the native landscape are bees - honeybees, bumblebees and solitary bees alike. In the past ten years or so, however, more sightings of a few species of bumblebee have been recorded, most abundantly Bombus lucorum. This presents a unique opportunity to explore the invasion of such a species, noting any effects that these invaders may have on native flora and fauna. Typically, bumblebee invasions are coupled with displacement of native bee species, but in this scenario, there are no native bee species present. Several tools will be used to explore the Faroese plant-pollinator network. This allows predictions to be made with the addition (or removal) of certain species resulting from bumblebee invasion. The majority of data collection will be done through monitoring, but environmental DNA (eDNA) will also be used as a tool to explore both the contemporary and historical landscape of the Faroe Islands. Records suggest that honeybees have been introduced previously, and the presence of flora that is well adapted to bee pollination also suggests this. Soil samples will be taken in areas where apiaries have been historically recorded and eDNA extracted in order to build a larger picture of the historical plant-pollinator network.Some of the questions this project will therefore aim to address are the following:1. How does the invasion of bumblebee species affect anthromes with no recorded native bees, with focus on: o Native pollinators? o Native flora?2. Can historical bee eDNA be detected and quantified in peat core samples?3. Has flora adapted to bee pollination in specific environmental systems evolved a different mechanism (e.g. autogamy?)