A New Legal Infrastructure for Smart Cities: Lessons from Phoenix, Boston and Pittsburgh.

“智慧城市”一词是指在城市空间内整合技术，收集数据以应对经济、社会和环境挑战（Vito Albino et al., 2015）。美国智慧城市倡议提出了法律问题，包括：侵犯隐私权（U.S. v. Jones(2012)），扼杀居民的声音（Frug和Barron， 2008），以及限制公民参与决策（Lefebvre, 1968）。城市的创新回应包括：波士顿的“智能街道”计划，通过与威瑞森（Verizon）达成协议收集数据；凤凰城的“智能区域”（“连接”），连接22个城镇；以及匹兹堡的开放数据立法（2014年），其中规定了识别和批准数据集发布的流程。由于这些城市的独特反应，该项目将以这些城市为例，调查智慧城市的发展在多大程度上受到其所处法律基础设施的限制。这将是智慧城市背景下的第一个系统的法律分析，其中的发现与美国各地的举措有关，也与英国的类似努力有关。研究问题-在智慧城市的背景下，凤凰城、波士顿和匹兹堡的“智慧城市”计划面临哪些法律障碍？-这些城市采取了哪些法律策略来应对这些挑战？-该分析如何为美国及其他地区未来的智慧城市计划提供信息？这是一项理论研究，通过参考列斐伏尔关于城市权利的工作（上图）和法理上的参考，a)隐私的马赛克理论（SCOTUS），该理论认为，当多个本身不具有侵入性的公共信息结合起来揭示私人信息时，可能会出现隐私损害（Woo, 2021）和B)一般通过参考比较法律研究的约束（Hirschl, 2014）。方法：-使用Westlaw和其他法律数据库收集数据，以确定相关的宪法和州判例法、立法、立法框架和法律挑战。-在凤凰城、匹兹堡和波士顿建立共同法律问题的类型和相关的应对策略。-分析所确定的州的法学发展，并考虑州法学对美国宪法第四修正案法学发展的影响程度。-分析和考虑研究结果在多大程度上具有超越其直接背景的潜在应用。该项目的潜在影响：到2023年，全球支出将翻一番，达到1890亿美元（国会研究服务处，2019年）。这些倡议提出了对个人权利产生影响的法律挑战，必须以合法的方式加以解决。美国城市的经验将与所有“智慧城市”倡议相关，包括西米德兰兹智慧城市区域计划。目前缺乏关于法律和“智慧城市”的知识（Decker, 2014），目前的研究重点是选定的问题，即环境和可持续性（Giuffrida, 2021）；不平等、数据和隐私影响（Lawlor, 2019）；和一般观点（Woo, 2017）。该项目首次对与“智慧城市”相关的法律结构、问题和发展进行系统的法律分析，将有助于并扩展该奖学金。

ContextThe term 'smart city' refers to the integration of technology within urban spaces to collect data to address economic, social, and environmental challenges (Vito Albino et al., 2015). US smart city initiatives have presented legal problems including: infringement of privacy rights (U.S. v. Jones (2012)), stifling the voice of residents (Frug and Barron, 2008), and limiting citizen participation in decisionmaking (Lefebvre, 1968). Cities innovative responses include: Boston's "Smart Street" program to collect data through an agreement with Verizon; Phoenix's 'smart region' ("the Connective"), connecting 22 cities and towns; and Pittsburgh's Open Data Legislation (2014), with a process for identifying and approving datasets for publication. Using these cities as examples due to their unique responses, this project will investigate the extent that smart cities development is limited by the legal infrastructureswithin which they operate. It will be the first systematic legal analysis in a smart city context, with findings relevant to initiatives across the US, and comparable efforts in the UK.Research Questions- In the context of smart cities, what legal hurdles have the 'smart city' initiatives of Phoenix, Boston, and Pittsburgh faced?- What legal strategies have these cities adopted to respond to these challenges?- How can this analysis inform future smart city initiatives in the US and beyond?MethodologyThis is a piece of doctrinal research that positions itself politically by reference to Lefebvre's work on the right to the city (above) and jurisprudentially, by reference to A) the mosaic theory of privacy (SCOTUS) which posits that privacy harms may arise when multiple pieces of public information, which by themselves are not invasive, combine to reveal private information (Woo, 2021) and B) generally by reference to the constraints of comparative legal research (Hirschl, 2014).Method(s):- Collection of data using Westlaw and other legal databases to identify the relevant constitutional and state caselaw, legislation, legislative frameworks and legal challenges.- Creation of typology of common legal problems and related strategies of response in Phoenix, Pittsburgh and Boston.- Analysis of the development of jurisprudence in the identified states and consideration of the extent to which state jurisprudence has influenced the development of US Constitution Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.- Analysis and consideration of the extent to which findings have potential application beyond their immediate context.Potential impact(s) of the project:Globally spending will double to $189 billion in 2023 (Congressional Research Service, 2019). These initiatives present legal challenges with consequences for individual rights which must be tackled in a legally sound way. The experience of US cities will be of relevance to all 'smart city' initiatives, including the West Midlands Smart City Region Programme. There is currently a dearth of knowledge about the law and 'smart cities' (Decker, 2014), with currentresearch focusing on selected issues, namely the environment and sustainability (Giuffrida, 2021); inequality, data and privacy implications (Lawlor, 2019); and general perspectives (Woo, 2017). This project's first systematic legal analysis of legal structures, issues and developments relating to 'smart cities' will contribute to and extend this scholarship.