Questions of National Identity in Palestinian Hip-Hop 2010 to 2021

这个项目探索了一种新兴的流行音乐形式，它源于非裔美国人的嘻哈音乐，在21世纪，它越来越多地成为西岸、加沙、以色列和更广泛的巴勒斯坦侨民的年轻巴勒斯坦人的声音。这项研究解释了不同的巴勒斯坦艺术家使用嘻哈作为创造巴勒斯坦集体政治愿景的手段的方式。在2021年5月的起义中，人们可以在拉马拉的阿尔马纳拉广场、纳布卢斯的购物中心以及2021年黎巴嫩的民间抗议活动中听到Daboor & ShabJadeed的歌曲“Inn Ann”。对巴勒斯坦音乐的研究通常集中在民间传说和遗产，以及音乐与抵抗之间的关系（参见Barghouthi 2013， Kanaaneh 2013），或者第一支巴勒斯坦嘻哈乐队DAM的传记（Maria and Shihade 2012, Withers 2018, McDonald 2013）。此外，McDonald（2013）对巴勒斯坦hip-hop的研究将其置于文化抵抗的二元框架内，作为1964-1989年巴解组织所接受的武装抵抗的替代方案，而Maira和Shihade（2012）则对巴勒斯坦的hip-hop进行了更多的地缘政治和社会文化分析，但两者都仍然有限，因为他们只关注DAM。这两项研究都没有解决嘻哈是如何被用来表达巴勒斯坦人身份的集体愿景的问题。此外，我们缺乏对当代巴勒斯坦背景下这种有影响力的音乐进行历史和文化定位的研究。通过关注更大的艺术家群体，在巴勒斯坦内部的背景下，我将研究巴勒斯坦文化场景中音乐制作人所表达的愿景。这项研究以一个关键的研究问题为指导：在2010年至2021年期间，巴勒斯坦嘻哈艺术家如何利用他们的音乐作为表达巴勒斯坦身份和国家的集体政治愿景的工具？这就引出了一些附属问题：这些艺术家和他们的音乐在巴勒斯坦社会中扮演了什么样的文化习俗和角色？这些作品代表了什么样的政治愿景？他们利用了什么样的文化认同和国家意识？它们与巴勒斯坦解放的更广泛的话语有什么关系？该研究借鉴了流行音乐的文化研究方法，并结合了研究散居音乐文化的民族音乐学方法。在流行音乐研究中，我避免采用音乐家研究中常见的简单传记方法，也避免遵循Hebdige（1979）在流行音乐研究中强调乐迷的倾向。相反，我利用民族志采访来探索艺术家在阐明其音乐角色时所使用的话语，以及对歌词和音乐的分析。来自Grazian（2003）的民族志研究空间的意义，但应用于生产文化，来自Gilroy（2002）的流散文化和美国以外的非裔美国人音乐的想法，来自Hall（1981）的流行政治。民族音乐学提供了研究这些文化生产实践的关键方法，包括Feld（2012）的世界主义概念，Nettl（2005）围绕音乐政治的想法，以及Araújo（2017）的政治作为实践。这有助于我们理解当代巴勒斯坦文化中未被充分研究的方面，以及对散居的非洲裔美国人音乐进行本地化重新想象的模式。

This project explores an emerging form of popular music, derived from African American hip-hop, which is increasingly a voice for young Palestinians in the West Bank, Gaza, Israel and the wider Palestinian diaspora in the twenty-first century. This research accounts for the way different Palestinian artists use hip-hop as a means of creating collective political visions of Palestine. In the uprising of May 2021 one could hear Daboor & ShabJadeed's track 'Inn Ann' in Almanara Square in Ramallah, shopping malls in Nablus, and in the Lebanese civil protests of 2021.Research into Palestinian Music has most often focused on folklore and heritage, and the relationship between music and resistance (cf Barghouthi 2013, Kanaaneh 2013), or biographies of the first Palestinian hip-hop band, DAM (Maria and Shihade 2012, Withers 2018, McDonald 2013). Further, McDonald's (2013) research into Palestinian hip-hop frames it within the binaries of cultural resistance as an alternative to armed resistance embraced by the PLO from 1964-1989, while Maira and Shihade (2012) present a more geopolitical and sociocultural analysis for hip-hop in Palestine, but both remain limited because they focus just on DAM. Neither study tackles the question of how hip-hop is used to articulate collective visions of Palestinian identity.Furthermore, we lack historically- and culturally-located studies of this influential music within the contemporary Palestinian context. By paying attention to a larger group of artists, in the inter-Palestinian context, I will examine the visions articulated by music-makers in the Palestinian cultural scene. The study is guided by a key research question:How did Palestinian hip-hop artists use their music as a vehicle for articulating a collective political vision of Palestinian identity and nationhood during the period 2010 to 2021?This raises subsidiary questions:What cultural practices and role do these artists and their music take in Palestinian society?What political visions are represented in these works?What senses of cultural identity and nationhood are utilised and how do they relate to wider discourses of Palestinian liberation?The research draws upon cultural studies approaches to popular music combined with ethnomusicological methods for the study of diasporal music cultures. I avoid the simple biographical approaches common in the studies of musicians and the tendency to emphasise fandom, following Hebdige (1979), in popular music studies.Instead, I draw upon ethnographic interview to explore the discourses used by the artists in articulating the role of their music, along with the analysis of the lyrics and music. From Grazian (2003) ethnography to study the significance of space, but applied to cultures of production, from Gilroy (2002) the idea of diasporic cultures and African American music outside the USA, and from Hall (1981) the politics of the popular. Ethnomusicology offers key ways to study these practices of cultural production, including Feld's (2012) concept of Cosmopolitanism, Nettl's (2005) ideas around the politics of music, and Araújo's (2017) politics as Praxis. This contributes to our understanding of an understudied aspect of contemporary Palestinian culture, and models for localised reimagining of diasporal African-American musics.