A Feminist Examination of the Applications of the Law on Non-Consensual Pornography to Nudifying Tools: a Comparative Socio-Legal Analysis

这项研究的目的是采取比较和女权主义的方法来分析和理解将非自愿色情定为犯罪的法律在多大程度上足以防止妇女通过使用人工智能驱动的裸体工具而受害。这项研究的目的是，从女权主义的透镜和比较法律的分析角度考虑，法律在防止妇女成为这种技术驱动的色情虐待的受害者方面有多完善，并思考法律的改革是否或如何能够解决妇女面临的这种新风险。然而，目前尚不清楚法院是否会将“亲密图像”的定义扩展到通过deepfake色情或裸体工具人为创建的图像，因为在撰写本文时，法院还没有处理过关于deepfake色情主题的案件。然而，英国目前正在通过颁布《在线安全法案》（2022年），将分享deepfake色情内容（包括使用裸体工具创建的图像）列为犯罪行为，该法案目前正在英国议会审议。正如Sepec & Lango（2020）所指出的，一些欧洲国家已经禁止传播未经同意的色情内容，但使用隐私的概念来这样做。这些作者认为，考虑到必须如何获得图像的要求（例如，当受害者在私人场所，如公寓，远离公众视线时）。事实上，许多针对非自愿色情的法律过于具体，无法充分适用于deepfake色情，因为使用另一个人的身体来制作受害者的deepfake色情是否侵犯了受害者的隐私。因此，选择审查普通法司法管辖区是因为必须通过判例法处理的灵活性，以及审查普通法司法管辖区适用于裸体化工具的法律的新奇。此外，普通法法院在解释和适用关于报复性色情制品的现行法律方面的能力提高了普通法司法管辖区能够更快地适应裸体工具的使用的可能性。特别是，在英国颁布《在线安全法案》后，关注这一领域的发展将是有趣的。通过研究立法、其缺陷以及在软件开发商强大利益的背景下如何在实践中应用法律的潜力，本项目将研究如何通过统一的法律改革和执法方法，更好地防止这种新的和阴险的色情滥用。所有参加者自愿参加，并给予知情同意，可自由退出项目。预计在项目期间，所有数据都将被匿名化并以加密格式存储在埃克塞特OneDrive大学。通过将项目的这些元素结合在一起，本研究将检查非在人工智能发展的背景下，从女性受害者的角度，研究普通法司法管辖区的自愿色情法律，以便提出必要的改革，保护妇女免受进一步的侵犯。网上虐待

The object of this research is to take a comparative and feminist approach to analyse and understand the extent to which the laws criminalizing non-consensual pornography are sufficient to prevent the victimization of women through the use of AI-driven nudifying tools. The aim of this research would be to consider, using a feminist lens and a comparative legal analysis, how well equipped the law is to prevent women becoming victims of such technology-driven pornographic abuse and reflect on whether or how legal reform could address this new risk to women.Presently in Canada, non-consensual pornography is criminalized under section 162.1 of the Criminal Code. However, it is currently unknown whether the courts would extend the definition of "intimate image" to those artificially created through deepfake pornography or nudifying tools, given that, at the time of writing, there has not been a case dealt with by the courts on the topic of deepfake pornography. However, the United Kingdom is presently on track to include the sharing of deepfake pornography (which includes images created with the use of nudifying tools) as an offence through enacting the Online Safety Bill (2022), currently making its way through the British Parliament. Australia was also relatively slow in implementing a law against non-consensual pornography.A number of European countries, as noted by Sepec & Lango (2020), have prohibited the dissemination of non-consensual pornography, but use the concept of privacy to do so. These authors argue that laws against non-consensual pornography in many civil law jurisdictions are insufficient in dealing with deepfake pornography given the requirement of how the image must be obtained (e.g., when the victim is in a private location, like an apartment, away from public view). Indeed, many of the laws against non-consensual pornography are too specific to be adequately applied to deepfake pornography given the lingering question of whether using the body of a different person in the creation of deepfake pornography of the victim is a violation of the victim's privacy. Therefore, the choice in examining common law jurisdictions is due to the flexibility often created that must be dealt with by case law, and the novelty in examining the laws applicable to nudifying tools in common law jurisdictions. Additionally, the ability of the common law courts in interpreting and applying existing laws on revenge pornography raises the possibility that common law jurisdictions may be able to adapt more rapidly to the use of nudifying tools. In particular, it will be interesting to follow developments in this area after the enactment of the UK's Online Safety Bill.By looking at both the legislation, its shortcomings and potential of how the law is applied in practice in the context of the powerful interests of software developers, this project will look at how a unified approach to law reform and enforcement could better prevent this new and insidious pornographic abuse.All participants will participate voluntarily and give informed consent and be free to withdraw from the project. It is anticipated that all data will be anonymised and stored in encrypted format on the University of Exeter OneDrive for the duration of the project.By bringing these elements of the project together this research will examine the adequacy of non-consensual pornography laws in common law jurisdictions in the context of AI developments and from the perspective of female victims in order to propose the necessary reform to protect women from further online abuse.