Alie'Nation': Examining the links between (Cr)immigration controls of non-UK nationals experiencing homelessness and Modern Slavery within Greater Man

2022年4月，《国籍法》成为法律。它遭到了愤怒，许多人认为这是反奴隶制工作的一大倒退（Crosby-Medlicott, 2022）。从本质上讲，现代奴隶制（MS）被视为一个移民问题，将受害者置于危险和创伤的境地，那些作为受害者挺身而出的人面临着被驱逐出境的威胁。由于必须在最后期限内提供“创伤证据”，并且由于过去的犯罪行为而无法获得支持（Crosby-Medlicott, 2022），该法案使幸存者再次受害，并增加了许多其他人遭受贫困和剥削的脆弱性。本项目以边境犯罪学为理论框架，探讨大曼彻斯特地区（GM）内移民法、贫困和剥削之间的显性和隐性联系。这项研究将继续在2021年为我的PGT论文完成的工作，该论文研究了无家可归的移民的刑事定罪和受害如何导致剥削的脆弱性增加。调查是在一个不确定的时期进行的——新冠肺炎大流行占据了新闻头条，当时的内政大臣普里蒂·帕特尔提出了一项极具争议的移民计划（摩根，2022年），英国脱欧后的政策仍然未知。同样，这篇论文的背景是国内和全球的政治、社会和经济不稳定。上述问题对福利、医疗保健和移民制度产生了长期影响。此外，俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，使成千上万的人在欧洲各地流离失所，生活成本上升，以及那些临时安置在内政部设施的人的待遇（Taylor, 2022），都表明了英国当前局势的复杂性，因此有必要进一步研究这一领域。这一背景为延续2021年开始的研究提供了机会，增加了社会诱因，有助于进一步分析犯罪、移民、贫困和剥削之间的联系。

In April 2022, the Nationality and Borders Act became law. It was met with outrage, with many calling it a huge step backwards for anti-slavery work (Crosby-Medlicott, 2022). In essence, Modern Slavery(MS) is being treated as an immigration issue, placing victims in precarious and traumatising situations, with the threat of deportation looming over those who come forward as victims. With pressured deadlines to produce 'proof of trauma' and blocked access to support due to criminal pasts (Crosby-Medlicott, 2022), this Act has revictimised survivors and increased the vulnerability to destitution and exploitation of many others. This project sets out to explore the explicit and implicit links between immigration laws, destitution, and exploitation within Greater Manchester (GM), using Border Criminology as a theoretical framework. This research will continue the work completed in 2021 for my PGT Dissertation, which studied how the criminalisation and victimisation of homeless migrants contributes to increasing vulnerabilities to exploitation. It was conducted during an uncertain time - the Covid-19 pandemic was dominating headlines, then Home Secretary, Priti Patel, had proposed a highly controversial immigration plan (Morgan, 2022), and post-Brexit policies were still unknown. In a similar vein, this2 thesis is set against a backdrop of political, social, and economic instability, domestically and globally. The aforementioned issues have had long term impacts on the welfare, healthcare, and immigration systems. In addition, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, displacing thousands of people across Europe, the rising cost of living, and the uncovered treatment of those temporarily accommodated in Home Office facilities (Taylor, 2022), have demonstrated the complexities of the current situation within the UK , and thus the necessity to research this area further. This context presents an opportunity to continue the research started in 2021 with added societal triggers which would assist further analysisinto the links between crimmigration, poverty, and exploitation.