Counterterrorism policies of Pakistan; How the war generation survives and resists the armed conflict in the Tribal districts?

对恐怖主义的研究往往把恐怖主义作为唯一的问题，把国家的反应作为解决办法，但有时国家的反恐措施也有助于解决问题。关键的恐怖主义研究表明，暴力反恐措施往往是无效的，适得其反，加剧了当地土著社区的痛苦。特别是，从后殖民主义的角度来看，我们可以看到这些措施最终如何再现帝国权力关系。例如，巴基斯坦的联邦直辖部落地区（FATA：现在的部落区）几个世纪以来一直被作为缓冲区，那里的社区仍然被边缘化。然而，当地社区不仅仅是非国家恐怖主义或国家反恐暴力的被动受害者。我们知道他们在日常生活中也有丰富的抵抗武器，例如普什图塔哈富兹[保护]运动。这个项目询问，在巴基斯坦部落地区的反恐行动/武装冲突中，当地土著社区如何寻求生存，抵抗和保护自己？选择巴基斯坦部落地区冲突作为案例研究有很多原因。（一）本地区武装冲突自冷战以来由来已久。B）武装冲突的地理区域具有殖民主义的遗产，在《边境犯罪条例》（也称为“黑法”）之下维持了世纪之久，剥夺了国际法委员会的基本人权。（c）该地区是土著民族普什图人的家园，他们有着独特的文化和行为准则，称为普什图瓦里。（d）该地区有一条26.40公里长的有争议的边界，即杜兰德线，将普什图人分为巴基斯坦和阿富汗。这些令人信服的理由使这一地区和冲突成为一个重要的案例研究。现有的正统研究往往集中在恐怖主义的原因，影响和演变，但忽视了生活在冲突地区的土著社区的生活，它是过于政策导向。CTS采取了独特的视角，挑战了传统的恐怖主义研究，并优先考虑基于解放的人类安全，然而，它是以西方为中心的，全球南方学者和那些遭受恐怖主义的人制作的文献有限。类似地，一些后殖民学者也对巴基斯坦进行了研究，他们强调了军民关系和军事机构在国家事务中的主导地位，但忽视了恐怖主义。为了研究这个问题，该项目将采用源自阿伦特哲学的理论珍珠捕捞方法，但最近被肯·布斯（Ken Booth）使用，他采用了一种非正式的方法，而不是选择一个思想流派。该项目将利用批判理论，批判恐怖主义研究和后殖民主义研究的概念得出结论。这项研究还将利用Sondre Lindahl反恐战略的反恐模式，该模式除其他外，描述了恐怖主义的主要假设，突出了反恐的优先事项，最重要的是，建立了一个评估反恐政策的机制。这个项目将从这个模型的帮助下，集中在巴基斯坦恐怖主义背后的深层政治，开发一个模型，不仅有助于学术研究，而且具有政策含义。对于这个项目，我将进行关键的民族志实地考察和采访在巴基斯坦的FATA地区，以了解恐怖主义和反恐下的日常生活的深层政治。批判民族志强调弱势群体的声音，并放大他们的声音。因此，对于CTS奖学金来说，认真考虑批判性民族志并开始像活动家一样行动并为他们的基本承诺而努力是非常重要的，即，人的安全和解放。

Terrorism studies have often focused on terrorism as the only problem and state responses as the solution but sometimes state counterterrorism measures can contribute to the problem. Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) have shown that violent counterterrorism measures are often ineffective, and counterproductive and exacerbate the suffering of Indigenous Local Communities (ILCs). In particular, from a postcolonial perspective, we can see how these measures can end up reproducing imperial power relations. For example, the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA: now Tribal Districts) in Pakistan, has been kept as a buffer zone for centuries, and communities there are still marginalised. Yet, local communities are not just passive victims of non-state terrorism or state counterterrorism violence. We know that they also have rich arsenals of resistance in everyday ways, for example, the Pashtun Tahafuz [Protection] Movement.This project asks, how do indigenous local communities seek to survive, resist, and protect themselves in counterterrorism operations/armed conflicts in the Tribal district of Pakistan? There are quite a few reasons for choosing the conflict of Pakistan Tribal Districts as a case study. a) The armed conflict in the region has a long-standing history starting from the Cold War. b) The geographical area of the armed conflict has a colonial legacy and was kept for over a century under Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), also known as the 'Black Law', which deprived ILCs of basic human rights. c) The region is home to an indigenous ethnic group, Pashtuns, having a unique culture and code of conduct called Pashtunwali. d) The region shares a 26,40 km long controversial border, the Durand line, which divides Pashtuns into Pakistan and Afghanistan. These compelling reasons make this region and the conflict a significant case study.Existing research in orthodox is often focused on the causes, effects, and evolution of terrorism, but ignores the lives of indigenous communities living in conflict zones and it is overly policy-oriented. CTS took a unique perspective and challenged traditional terrorism studies and prioritised human security based on emancipation, however, it is Western-centric, and there is limited literature produced by Global South scholars and those suffering from terrorism. Similarly, Pakistan has been studied by a number of postcolonial scholars who highlighted civil-military relations and the dominancy of the military institution in state affairs but ignored terrorism.To investigate the research question, the project will be approached with theoretical pearl fishing originated from Arendtian philosophy but recently used by Ken Booth, in which he takes an informal approach rather than selecting one school of thought. The project will utilise concepts from Critical theory, Critical Terrorism Studies, and postcolonialism studies to draw conclusions. The study will also take advantage of the Sondre Lindahl CTS counterterrorism model which, among others, describes key assumptions of terrorism highlights priorities for countering terrorism, and most importantly develops a mechanism for the evaluation of CT policies. This project will take help from this model and focus on the deep politics behind terrorism in Pakistan to develop a model that not only contributes to academic research but also has policy implications.For this project, I will conduct critical ethnographic fieldwork and interviews in the FATA region in Pakistan in order to understand the deep politics of everyday life under terrorism and counterterrorism. Critical ethnography emphasises being the voice of the unprivileged and amplifying their voices. It is, therefore, very important for CTS scholarship to take critical ethnography seriously into consideration and start to act like an activist and work for their basic commitment i.e., human security and emancipation.