Rotten Rocks at the Heart of Black Smoker Systems

火山变形可以由一系列与岩浆运动和演化有关的过程引起。可检测的过程类型取决于测量方法的时间和空间分辨率。迄今为止，卫星雷达测量最常捕获与水库相关的过程，模态源深度约为5km （Ebmeier等人，2018）。在火山导管附近进行的GPS或倾斜测量更有可能捕捉到与岩浆输送相关的瞬态信号，但通常被建模并解释为浅层岩浆储层的膨胀或收缩（Hautmann et al., 2009）。最近，剪切应力被认为是变形的另一个来源（Neuberg et al.2018; Marsden et al. 2019），其中考虑了浅层硅管道系统中的岩浆流动。因此，变形模型现在可以描述深层储层加压和浅层岩浆上升之间的一系列过程。到目前为止，大多数模型都将岩浆视为液体，其体积变化可以解释地表位移。在本项目中，我们打算将变形模型和岩浆流动模型结合起来，将三相流体流动（熔体、晶体、挥发物）、结晶加压（二次沸腾）、脱气和放气以及热边界层纳入岩浆过程模型（Marsden et al., 2019）。这些岩浆过程影响了不同深度的粘度范围，以及储层深度和浅管道层的压力范围。通过将浅层岩浆流动和岩浆过程的模拟与储层深处的变形模式相结合，该项目将获得对硅火山大量循环行为的新见解。在多个空间尺度上具有充分记录的火山循环行为和变形的例子包括西印度群岛蒙特塞拉特岛的苏弗里埃尔山和厄瓜多尔的通古拉瓦。对于这两座火山，我们可以获得广泛的数据集，这些数据集将构成调查的数据库，但进一步的数据集，如地震活动和岩石学数据，也将被考虑在内。

Volcanic deformation can be caused by a broad range of processes related to the movement and evolution of magma.The type of processes detectable depends on the temporal and spatial resolution of the measurement method. Satellite radar measurements have so far most often captured reservoir-related processes, with a modal source depth of ~ 5km (Ebmeier et al., 2018). GPS or tilt measurements made near the volcanic conduit are more likely to capture transient signals associated with magma transport, but have been often modelled and interpreted as inflation or deflation of a shallow magma reservoir (Hautmann et al., 2009). More recently, shear stress has been identified as an additional source of deformation (Neuberg et al.2018; Marsden et al. 2019) which takes magma flow in shallow, silicic conduit systems into account. Hence, deformation models can now describe a range of processes between the pressurization of deep reservoirs and shallow magma ascent. So far, most models treat magma as a liquid, with a volume change that can account for surface displacements. In this project we intend to combine deformation models and magma flow models to incorporate three-phase fluid flow (melt, crystals, volatiles), pressurization through crystallization (second boiling), degassing and outgassing, and thermal boundary layers into models of magmatic processes (Marsden et al., 2019). These magmatic processes affect the possible range of viscosities at different depths, as well as the range of pressures that can act at reservoir depth and shallow conduit level.By combining the modelling of shallow magma flow and magmatic processes with the deformation patterns originating at reservoir depths , this project will gain new insights into the large variety of cyclic behaviours of silicic volcanoes. Examples of volcanoes with well-documented cyclic behaviour and deformation on multiple spatial scales include Soufriere Hills in Montserrat, West Indies and Tungurahua, Ecuador. . For both volcanoes we have access to extensive data sets which will form the data base for the investigation, but further data sets such as seismicity and petrological data will be taken into account as well.