Development of HBMIM model for 3D automatic monitoring of heritage buildings

遗产建筑的保护和保存不仅是英国的问题，也是其他国家的问题，在这些国家，历史遗产被嵌入和积累到建筑或遗址中，在保持国家价值方面发挥着重要作用。保存历史建筑或遗址并不总是像进行维修工程那样简单。在确定修复方法之前，了解它是如何建造的以及使用了什么建造方法是至关重要的。此外，询问用于建造建筑物的材料的特性也很重要，因为应该注意到建筑物不仅仅是静态的，而且还会对周围的环境做出反应；空气运动、物理力量、天气、温度、膨胀和收缩、地面条件的变化等等。所有的文物建筑在年代、用途、建造方法、材料、建筑风格、意义和可达性等方面都不尽相同。他们中的许多人缺乏书面记录，这将是一个很好的工具，以保持一个健康的标准。获取和建立尽可能多的数据已变得至关重要，这些数据可用于找到监测和保护遗产建筑的最佳方法。问题是如何获取、协调并最终将数据存储在一个系统中，而这个系统反过来又可以用于监测和保护历史建筑。随着人们越来越重视文物建筑外观的重要性，安装物理传感器不再是理想的解决方案。因此，各种成像技术，可以实现三维形状的远程或没有物理存在的传感器将需要到位。三维激光扫描和成像捕捉技术是本研究中使用的一种成熟的技术，可以实现文物建筑的详细三维形状以及文物建筑的详细形状。这些三维数字成像技术可用于非接触式监测，以及在文物建筑受损的情况下进行修复。背景与研究方法建筑本身需要以3D形式实现，而不是2D形式，以便能够监测由各种原因引起的任何变形、移动或损坏。首先要做的是找出原因。为了实现高精度的文物建筑三维形态，需要激光扫描系统。值得注意的是，利物浦大学的研究组拥有FARO S+150扫描仪，可以为本研究中HBMIM模型的建立提供最重要的数据。它还可以测量遗产建筑的动态行为，并使用能够补充该技术的摄像机。激光扫描获得的三维点云、红外热像仪获得的三维热像、无人机获得的三维数字图像将作为本项目使用的原始数据。这些数据将成为开发一个平台的基础，该平台可以监测和检测文物建筑各个区域发生的变形。建筑物很容易受到影响其站立性的力量的影响，而抵抗这些力量往往会对建筑物本身造成损害。包括获提名导师徐博士在内的一组研究人员进行了一项有关“利用地面激光扫描测量混合土挡土墙的变形”的研究。它的目的是监测地面对挡土墙的横向移动。通过激光扫描定期监测横向变形，获得大面积的精细分辨率的空间数据。本文尝试将激光扫描技术应用于某开挖场地拌合土挡土墙的侧向变形测量

Abstract The conservation and preservation of heritage buildings has not only been an issue to the UK but to other countries, where historical legacy is embedded and accumulated into buildings or sites that play an important role in keeping up with a national value. Preserving historic buildings or sites is not always as simple as reparation works being carried out for the buildings. It is vital to understanding how it was constructed and what construction methods were used prior to determining the methodological approach to the restoration of them when needed. In addition, interrogating the properties of material used to construct the buildings is also important as it should be noted that buildings are not just static but also responds to what surrounds them; air movement, physical forces, weather, temperature, expansion and contraction, variation of ground conditions and so on.None of heritage buildings are the same in terms of age, use, construction methods, material, architectural styles, significance and accessibility. Many of them lack written records which wouldhave been a good tool to maintaining them to a healthy standard. It has become essential to acquire and build up as many data as possible, which can be used to find out a best way of monitoring and preserving heritage buildings.The question is how the data can be obtained, coordinated and ultimately stored in a system which in return can be used for monitoring and preserving historic buildings.Installing physical sensors is not an ideal solution any longer as more values have been put on the significance of appearances of heritage buildings. Hence, various imaging techniques that can realize three-dimensional shapes remotely or without physical presence of sensors will need to be in place. 3D laser scanning and imaging capture process are a well-developed technology to be used in this study, realising the detailed 3D shape of the Heritage Building as well as the detailed shape of the Heritage Buildings. These three-dimensional digital imaging techniques can be used for non-contact monitoring as well as restoration in the event of damage to heritage buildingsContext & Research MethodsA building itself needs to be realised not in a 2D but a 3D form to be able to monitor any deformation, movement or damages caused by various reasons. Identifying the causes would be the first step to take. A laser scanning system is necessary to realise the three-dimensional shape of the heritage building with high accuracy. It is noted that the research group in University of Liverpool has the FARO S+150 scanner, which can provide the most important data for building the HBMIM model in this study. It also make it possible to measure the dynamic behaviour of a heritage building along with the use ofa camera capable of supplementing the technology. A three-dimensional point cloud obtained by laser scanning, three-dimensional thermography obtained by an infrared thermal camera, and a three-dimensional digital image obtained by a drone will be the raw data used in this project. The data will form a basis to develop a platform that can monitor and detect deformation taking place in various areas in heritage buildings.A building is vulnerable to forces affecting its standing and resistance to them often brings back damages to itself. There was a research carried out by a group of researchers including the nominated supervisor, Dr. Seo about "Deformation measurement of a soil mixing retaining wall using terrestrial laser scanning". It aimed at monitoring lateral movement of the ground against retaining walls. Lateral deformations were monitored regularly by laser scanning and the spatial data of a large area were acquired at fine resolutions. This paper attempted to apply the laser scanningtechnology to measure the lateral deformations of a soil mixing retaining wall at an excavation site in construct