Experience dependent behavior modification associate with aggression

描述（由申请人提供）：最近在黑腹果蝇中观察到与激动性经验相关的行为改变。具体来说，果蝇雄性表现出“失败者效应”：如果一个雄性在第一次二元竞争中失败，那么在最初的竞争30分钟后，他将永远不会赢得与一个没有战斗经验的天真雄性配对的随后的战斗。此外，从属男性使用不同的战斗策略，这取决于他们是否与新的或以前的对手配对，这表明果蝇能够识别个体。虽然许多动物在经历过竞争后的行为变化已经被记录在案，但人们对调节这些变化的基因和神经回路知之甚少。通过嗅觉条件反射试验已经鉴定出果蝇学习和记忆所必需的一些基因。通过测试经典学习和记忆突变体在激动性经历后是否表现出行为变化，可以解决这些相同的基因是否在与攻击性相关的操作性学习中起作用。类似地，行为测定可用于识别与攻击相关的学习和记忆所需的神经回路，因为神经元Gal 4线可驱动UAS-shibirets 1的表达以阻断突触传递并有效地关闭神经回路的子集。很可能，在对手识别中起作用的神经回路的某些子集并不对失败者效应负责。感觉系统，如嗅觉和味觉系统，检测表皮碳氢化合物和信息素可能被用于识别个人。这可以通过在战斗试验中配对适当的感觉突变体来测试。最后，在第一次和第二次战斗比赛之间具有较长恢复期的行为测定可用于确定果蝇是否产生与失去经验相关的长期记忆。攻击性的症状通常存在于神经系统疾病中，如阿尔茨海默病，间歇性爆发性障碍和其他情绪障碍，但健康和患病患者对攻击性的生理控制仍然非常模糊。此外，预计基因和经验都有助于精神疾病的发作。了解经验如何在果蝇的攻击模型中带来神经元和行为的改变，这是果蝇的一种先天行为，可能会导致对人类精神疾病如何发展的理解，以及对其治疗和预防的帮助。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Behavior modification associated with agonistic experience recently has been observed in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, Drosophila males exhibit a "loser effect": if a male loses his first dyadic competition, he will never win a subsequent fight when paired with a naive male with no previous fighting experience, 30 minutes after the initial contest. In addition, subordinate males use different fighting strategies depending on if they are paired with a new or previous opponent, suggesting that fruit flies are capable of recognizing individuals. While behavioral changes following agonistic experiences have been documented for numerous animals, little is known about the genes and neural circuits that regulate these changes. A number of genes have been identified through olfactory conditioning assays that are necessary for learning and memory in Drosophila. It can be addressed whether these same genes function in operant learning associated with aggression by testing whether the classical learning and memory mutants exhibit behavioral changes following agonistic experiences. Similarly, behavioral assays can be used to identify neural circuits that are required for learning and memory associated with aggression, since neuronal Gal4 lines can drive expression of UAS-shibirets1 to block synaptic transmission and effectively turn off subsets of neural circuits. It is likely that some subsets of neural circuits that function in opponent recognition are not responsible for loser effects. Sensory systems such as olfactory and gustatory systems that detect cuticular hydrocarbons and pheromones could possibly be used for recognizing individuals. This can be tested by pairing appropriate sensory mutants in fighting assays. Finally, behavioral assays with longer recovery periods between first and second fighting contests can be used to determine if Drosophila generates long- term memory associated with losing experience. Symptoms of aggression are often present in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, intermittent explosive disorder and other mood disorders, yet the physiological control of aggression in healthy and ill patients is still very vague. In addition, it is anticipated that both genes and experience contribute to the onset of psychiatric conditions. Understanding how experience brings about neuronal and behavioral modifications in the Drosophila model of aggression, an innate behavior in fruit flies, could lead to an understanding of how human psychiatric disorders develop, as well as aid in their treatment and prevention.