AID biology

B淋巴细胞是免疫系统细胞，通过其细胞表面上称为抗体的特殊受体识别和处理病原体，如病毒和细菌。病原体的识别和处理都是通过两个过程来促进的，这两个过程被称为超突变和转换，这是由一种新的蛋白质：AID来完成的。今年，我们分析了AID报告小鼠中AID的调节。 1-通过融合到AID基因荧光分子（例如从水母Aequorea维多利亚分离的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）），我们能够可视化在感染或免疫期间激活的B细胞（绿色荧光细胞）。 2-我们还通过转基因的方式在小鼠中引入了人类版本的AID。人类AID可以用一种非常特异的单克隆抗体通过组织学观察。这项技术使我们能够精确定位活化的B细胞从第一次接触抗原（或病原体）到完全分化（记忆细胞或浆细胞）的迁移过程，其中AID被关闭。 3-为了跟踪在发育过程中表达AID但随后关闭其表达的细胞的后代，我们设计了一种用黄色荧光分子（GFP变体）永久标记活化的B细胞的方法。这个工具可以让我们研究记忆反应记忆B细胞，与幼稚细胞相反，在与以前遇到的病毒或细菌相互作用时迅速被激活，并解释了为什么我们不会两次屈服于同一感染的B。

B lymphocytes are the immune system cells that recognize and dispose pathogens such as viruses and bacteria though special receptors on their cell surface known as antibodies. Both pathogen recognition and disposal are facilitated by two processes known as hypermutation and switching, which are carried out by a novel protein: AID. This year we have analyzed the regulation of AID in AID reporter mice. 1- By fusing to the AID gene fluorescent molecules (such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria), we were able to visualize B cells (green fluorescent cells) activated during infection or immunization. 2- We also introduced the human version of AID in mice by means of a transgene. Human AID can be visualized by histology with a very specific monoclonal antibody. This technique is allowing us to pinpoint the migration of activated B cells from their first encounter with antigen (or pathogen) until they become fully differentiated (memory or plasma cells) where AID is turned off. 3- To follow the progeny of cells that have expressed AID during development but subsequently turned its expression off, we have devised a method that permanently tags activated B cells with the yellow fluorescent molecule (a GFP variant). This tool is allowing us to study the memory response. Memory B cells, in contrast to naive ones, become rapidly activated upon interaction with previously encountered viruses or bacteria, and explain why we do not succumb to the same infection twice.