Experience dependent behavior modification associate with aggression

描述(由申请人提供)：最近在果蝇身上观察到了与激活性体验相关的行为改变。具体地说，雄性果蝇表现出一种“失败者效应”：如果一只雄性果蝇在第一场二元竞赛中输掉了比赛，那么在第一场比赛结束30分钟后，如果一只雄性果蝇与一只之前没有战斗经验的天真雄性果蝇配对，他将永远不会赢得下一场比赛。此外，从属的雄性果蝇根据它们是与新对手还是之前的对手配对而使用不同的战斗策略，这表明果蝇能够识别个体。虽然许多动物在经历激励性经历后的行为变化已经被记录在案，但对调节这些变化的基因和神经回路知之甚少。通过嗅觉调节试验，已经确定了许多基因，这些基因对果蝇的学习和记忆是必要的。通过测试经典的学习和记忆突变体是否在竞争经历后表现出行为变化，可以确定这些相同的基因是否在与攻击相关的操作性学习中发挥作用。类似地，行为分析可以用来识别与攻击相关的学习和记忆所需的神经回路，因为神经元Gal4线可以驱动UAS-Shibirets1的表达来阻断突触传递，并有效地关闭神经回路的子集。很可能，在对手识别中起作用的神经回路的某些子集并不是输家效应的原因。嗅觉和味觉系统等检测角质层碳氢化合物和信息素的感觉系统可能被用来识别个体。这可以通过在战斗测试中配对适当的感觉突变来测试。最后，在第一次和第二次格斗比赛之间有较长恢复期的行为分析可以用来确定果蝇是否会产生与失去经验相关的长期记忆。攻击性症状经常出现在阿尔茨海默病、间歇性爆发性障碍和其他情绪障碍等神经疾病中，但对健康和疾病患者的攻击性的生理控制仍然非常模糊。此外，预计基因和经验都会导致精神疾病的发生。了解经验如何导致果蝇攻击模型的神经元和行为改变，可能有助于理解人类精神疾病是如何发展的，并有助于治疗和预防这些疾病。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Behavior modification associated with agonistic experience recently has been observed in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, Drosophila males exhibit a "loser effect": if a male loses his first dyadic competition, he will never win a subsequent fight when paired with a naive male with no previous fighting experience, 30 minutes after the initial contest. In addition, subordinate males use different fighting strategies depending on if they are paired with a new or previous opponent, suggesting that fruit flies are capable of recognizing individuals. While behavioral changes following agonistic experiences have been documented for numerous animals, little is known about the genes and neural circuits that regulate these changes. A number of genes have been identified through olfactory conditioning assays that are necessary for learning and memory in Drosophila. It can be addressed whether these same genes function in operant learning associated with aggression by testing whether the classical learning and memory mutants exhibit behavioral changes following agonistic experiences. Similarly, behavioral assays can be used to identify neural circuits that are required for learning and memory associated with aggression, since neuronal Gal4 lines can drive expression of UAS-shibirets1 to block synaptic transmission and effectively turn off subsets of neural circuits. It is likely that some subsets of neural circuits that function in opponent recognition are not responsible for loser effects. Sensory systems such as olfactory and gustatory systems that detect cuticular hydrocarbons and pheromones could possibly be used for recognizing individuals. This can be tested by pairing appropriate sensory mutants in fighting assays. Finally, behavioral assays with longer recovery periods between first and second fighting contests can be used to determine if Drosophila generates long- term memory associated with losing experience. Symptoms of aggression are often present in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, intermittent explosive disorder and other mood disorders, yet the physiological control of aggression in healthy and ill patients is still very vague. In addition, it is anticipated that both genes and experience contribute to the onset of psychiatric conditions. Understanding how experience brings about neuronal and behavioral modifications in the Drosophila model of aggression, an innate behavior in fruit flies, could lead to an understanding of how human psychiatric disorders develop, as well as aid in their treatment and prevention.