Induction of Immunity in Human Genital Tract: Effect of Intranasal Immunization

描述（由申请方提供）：通过获得强局部免疫力，可预防生殖道粘膜表面感染。在人类女性和男性生殖道中，抗体（Ab）是局部产生的，以及血浆衍生的。基于这种双重来源，可以假设特异性Ab可以通过全身或粘膜免疫诱导。然而，我们以前的免疫研究结果表明，只有低水平的抗体可以实现在人类生殖道通过全身，口服或直肠途径。相比之下，实验动物的鼻内（IN）免疫导致播散性粘膜（特别是在生殖道）以及循环系统反应。我们的目标是确定在实验动物中产生的结果是否可以在人类中得到验证。我们假设：1.在人类生殖道中产生强免疫应答可以通过IN免疫来实现;和2.由于抗原活化细胞优先“归巢”迁移至生殖器组织，该途径将比肠胃外或其他粘膜接种途径更有效。为了解决这个问题，我们建议用模型抗原，流感病毒，免疫女性和男性人类志愿者，虽然不相关的生殖道感染，是唯一的商业上可获得的疫苗用于鼻腔应用，也可以以注射形式获得。为了评价IN免疫对生殖道免疫的有效性，我们建议：1。确定和表征IN与胃肠外接种在人类女性和男性生殖道中诱导的免疫应答。通过与血清和其他外部分泌物（唾液;鼻和直肠灌洗液）相比，对生殖道分泌物中的Ab进行定量和定性分析，确定对诱导反应的局部和循环贡献。我们将确定：Ab同种型（特别是伊加和IgG亚类）的水平和相对比例、伊加的分子形式（S-IgA、mIgA和pIgA）以及Ab中和流感病毒的能力。2.确定与肌内免疫相比，IN是否有利于疫苗致敏细胞迁移到生殖道以产生局部反应。具体来说，我们将比较外周血细胞的功能，表达归巢受体优先归巢生殖道（<$4 <$1整联蛋白）或次级淋巴组织（L-选择素），关于流感病毒特异性抗体的分泌和IFN-<$的生产。这些研究结果将有助于了解人类生殖道免疫反应的起源和诱导。这一信息将有助于制定有效的预防性传播疾病、包括艾滋病毒的疫苗接种战略。我们的目标是证明是否有效的，疫苗特异性的反应，在人类男性和女性生殖道可以通过鼻内免疫（与肌肉注射相比），以及这是如何涉及到疫苗致敏细胞的归巢模式。所获得的结果对于设计预防性传播疾病病原体感染的免疫战略将是重要的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Protection against infections acquired through the mucosal surfaces of the genital tract can be achieved by the acquisition of strong local immunity. In human female and male genital tracts, antibodies (Abs) are locally produced, as well as plasma-derived. Based on this dual origin, one can assume that specific Abs can be induced either by systemic or mucosal immunizations. However, results of our previous immunization studies indicate that only low levels of Abs can be achieved in the human genital tract by systemic, oral, or rectal routes. In contrast, intranasal (IN) immunization of experimental animals resulted in disseminated mucosal (particularly strong in the genital tract), as well as circulatory responses. Our goal is to determine whether the results generated in the experimental animals can be validated in humans. We hypothesize that: 1. Generation of strong immune responses in the human genital tract can be accomplished by IN immunization; and 2. This route will be more efficient than the parenteral or other mucosal routes of vaccination, due to the preferential "homing" migration of antigen-activated cells to the genital tissues. To address this, we propose to immunize female and male human volunteers with a model antigen, influenza virus that, although not relevant for the genital tract infections, is the only commercially available vaccine for nasal application and is also obtainable in an injectable form. To evaluate the effectiveness of IN immunization for genital tract immunity, we propose to: 1. Determine and characterize the immune responses induced in human female and male genital tracts by the IN vs. the parenteral vaccination. The local and circulatory contribution to the induced responses will be determined by quantitative and qualitative analysis of Abs in the genital tract secretions, compared to sera and other external secretions (saliva; nasal and rectal lavages). We will determine: levels and relative proportion of Ab isotypes (particularly of IgA and IgG subclasses), the molecular forms of IgA (S-IgA, mIgA and pIgA), and the capacity of Abs to neutralize influenza virus. 2. Determine whether IN, compared to intramuscular immunization, will favor the migration of vaccine-sensitized cells to the genital tract to generate local responses. Specifically, we will compare the function of peripheral blood cells, expressing homing receptors for preferential homing to the genital tract (¿4¿1 integrin) or to secondary lymphoid tissues (L-selectin), with respect to the secretion of influenza virus-specific Abs and production of IFN-¿. The results of these studies will contribute to the understanding of the origin and the induction of immune responses in the human genital tract. This information will be useful for the design of effective vaccination strategies against sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Our goal is to demonstrate whether efficient, vaccine-specific responses in the human male and female genital tract can be achieved by intranasal immunization (compared to intramuscular), and how this relates to the homing pattern of vaccine-sensitized cells. The results obtained will be important for the design of immunization strategies to prevent infections with agents of sexually transmitted diseases.