Nuclear structure studies of radioactive nuclei via Coulomb excitation reactions with a large acceptance Bragg detector at an ISOL facility

核结构物理学家研究原子核的形状和激发模式，以了解核力。原子核可以是球形的，也可以是变形的，就像飞盘或橄榄球。一旦原子核变形，它也可以旋转或振动。测量形变和激发模式可以让我们更好地理解核力，以及为什么质子和中子被束缚在原子核里。强核力不能从我们对夸克的理解中得出，夸克是质子和中子的组成成分，而是从实验数据中得到的。核力的这种推导很有效，帮助我们理解已知的稳定原子核和许多放射性原子核。我们也用它来预测远离稳定的原子核的行为。新建成的具有放射性核束的加速器设备使得人们首次可以研究远不稳定的原子核，比如欧洲核子研究中心的ISOLDE。最近的实验表明，一些原子核的结构并不总是预期的结构。这些结果，或许还有进一步的发现，将帮助我们更好地理解核力。为了测量原子核的形状，我们给它额外的能量，观察它回到基态的方式。从这种衰变中，我们推断出激发模式，确定变形量，并将结果与各种核模型预测的结果进行比较。在这项研究中，我们如何激发原子核并从实验中确定其结构？我们要用一个完全依赖电磁力的反作用力。这是非常容易理解的力，使实验数据的分析变得简单。我们将加速我们想要研究的放射性原子核，并让它通过一个由稳定原子核组成的薄靶材料。当放射性原子核束穿过目标物质时，有些原子核会非常接近某些目标原子核。这种接近产生了一种能量

Nuclear structure physicists study the shape and excitation modes of the atomic nucleus in order to understand the nuclear force. The atomic nucleus can be spherical or it can be deformed, like a Frisbee or a rugby ball. Once the nucleus is deformed, it can also rotate or vibrate. Measuring the deformation and excitation modes allow us to better understand the nuclear force and why protons and neutrons are bound in the nucleus. The strong nuclear force cannot be derived from our understanding of quarks, the constituent components of protons and neutrons, but is instead obtained from experimental data. This derivation of the nuclear force works well and helps us understand known nuclei that are stable as well as many that are radioactive. We also use it to predict the behaviour of nuclei far from stability. Newly built accelerator facilities that have radioactive nuclear beams are allowing nuclei far from stability to be studied for the first time, such as ISOLDE at CERN. Recent experiments show that the structure of some nuclei is not always the expected structure. These results, and perhaps further discoveries, will help us better understand the nuclear force. To measure the shape of the nucleus, we give it additional energy and observe the way it returns to the ground state. From this decay we deduce excitation modes, determine the amount of deformation, and compare the results to what various nuclear models predict. How do we excite the atomic nucleus and determine the structure from an experiment in this proposed research? We will use a reaction that depends purely on the electromagnetic force. This is very well understood force and makes the analysis of the experimental data simple. We will accelerate the radioactive nucleus we want to study and have it pass through a thin target material of stable nuclei. As the beam of radioactive nuclei pass through the target material, some will get very close to some of the target nuclei. This proximity generates a ver