Identification and comparisons of clinical, molecular and histopathological markers of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in female non-drinkers and non-smokers

在不饮酒、不吸烟的女性中，口腔癌的发病率有所增加。由于大多数癌症在发现时已是晚期，因此确诊后的五年生存率可低至15-50%。癌前和癌性口腔病变可能与任何数量的良性口腔病变相似，因此可能不进行检查和治疗，直到进展良好。进一步调查口腔癌的原因，而不是吸烟和饮酒，将有助于管理。

There has been an increase incidence of oral cancer in female non-drinkers, non-smokers. The five year survival following diagnosis can be as low as 15-50% as most cancers are advanced at the time of discovery.Precancerous and cancerous oral lesions may mimic any number of benign oral lesions, and as such may be left without investigation and treatment until well advanced. Further investigations into the cause of oral cancer other than smoking and alcohol will aid in management.