Occupational and Environmental Determinants of Cancer among Women and Minorities

传统上，职业研究主要集中在白人男性身上，尽管女性占美国文职劳动力的近一半，少数民族经常从事危险的工作。OEEB在过去一年中进行了一些流行病学研究，重点是职业，其中包括妇女和少数民族。在农业健康研究中，对包括大约32 000名妇女和2 000名少数民族在内的9 000多名研究对象进行了一项前瞻性队列研究，目前正在评估农药和其他接触的直接职业接触和间接环境接触。上海妇女研究是范德比尔特大学与NCI和上海癌症研究所合作开展的一项对75000名妇女的前瞻性队列研究。近90%的参与者采集了血液/颊细胞和尿液样本。第五次两年期后续行动正在进行中。对苯的暴露评估是基于上海市政府保存的工业监测数据。正在评估与职业和就业行业有关的癌症风险，包括最近一份与某些可能接触潜在工业致癌物的职业有关的肺癌风险报告。新英格兰膀胱癌研究，一项大型的多中心病例对照研究膀胱癌正在进行中，研究环境和职业风险因素以及新英格兰膀胱癌发病率和死亡率持续上升的原因。在中欧和东欧一项以医院为基础的肾癌病例对照研究中，风险增加与农活有关，尤其是妇女。美国肾癌研究是第一个包含足够数量的非裔美国人对其风险进行单独评估的癌症研究，以及环境和职业风险因素对该癌症发病率种族差异的影响。数据分析正在进行中。NCI正在领导加州儿童白血病病例对照研究的环境采样部分。在这项研究中，大约40%的西班牙裔和10%的亚裔参与者为评估这些少数民族的农业和其他风险因素提供了机会。对BDEs和白血病进行了评估。为了评估吸烟与食管腺癌风险的关系，NCI研究人员汇总了来自Barett食管和腺癌联盟参与研究的问卷数据。食管癌的风险随着吸烟包年的增加而增加，并且男性和女性之间的风险具有可比性。

Traditionally, occupational research has focused primarily on white men, even though women comprise nearly half of the U.S. civilian workforce, and minorities are often employed in jobs with hazardous exposures. The OEEB has undertaken a number of epidemiologic studies with a substantial focus in occupation which include women and minorities during the past year. In the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of more than 90,000 subjects, including approximately 32,000 women and 2,000 minorities, both direct occupational exposure and indirect environmental exposure to pesticides and other exposures are being evaluated. The Shanghai Women's Study is a prospective cohort study of 75,000 women conducted by Vanderbilt University in collaboration with NCI and the Shanghai Cancer Institute. Blood/buccal cell and urine samples have been collected from nearly 90% of participants. The fifth biennial follow-up is ongoing. Exposure assessment to to benzene has been based on industrial monitoring data maintained by the Shanghai municipal government. Cancer risk in relation to occupation and industry of employment is being evaluated, including a recent report of lung cancer risk associated with employment in certain occupations that may have exposure to potential industrial carcinogens. The New England Bladder Cancer study, a large multicenter case-control study of bladder cancer is on-going to examine environmental and occupational risk factors and the reasons for the consistently elevated incidence and mortality of this cancer in New England. In a hospital-based case-control study of kidney cancer in Central and Eastern Europe, an increased risk was associated with farm work, particularly among women. The U.S. kidney cancer study is the first study of this cancer that included a sufficient number of African Americans for separate evaluation of their risks, and the contribution of environmental and occupational risk factors to the racial disparity in incidence of this cancer. Data analyses are ongoing. NCI is leading the environmental sampling component of the California childhood leukemia case-control study. The approximately 40% Hispanic and 10% Asian participants in this study provide an opportunity to evaluate agricultural and other risk factors among these minorities. An evaluation of BDEs and leukemia has been conducted. To evaluate the role of cigarette smoking in relation to risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, NCI investigators pooled questionnaire data from participating studies in a Barett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma consortium. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma increased consistently with increasing pack-years of smoking, and the risks were comparable between men and women.