Microvesicle Dynamics in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Tumor Microenvironme

描述（由申请人提供）：肿瘤细胞影响其邻近的基质，为生存和临床进程的进展创造有利的生态位。迄今为止，恶性细胞如何改变周围组织中其他细胞类型的功能在很大程度上是未知的。新出现的证据表明，恶性细胞产生的微泡（MV）具有生物活性，因为它们能够对宿主基质细胞产生近端和远端影响。最近，我们发现来自b细胞慢性淋巴细胞白血病血浆的循环MV是CLL微环境中独特的通讯介质。我们检测到：(a)大多数CLL血浆中含有升高的MV水平；(b) CLL早期主要由“血小板衍生”（PD） MV （CD61+）向晚期更多的“白血病b细胞衍生”（LD） MV （CD19+）表型转变。最近，我们已经检测到CLL b细胞可以自发或通过刺激在体外产生LD MV，而不管疾病分期（Rai期）。此外，我们已经证明CLL MV和CLL基质细胞相互作用导致CLL骨髓基质细胞（BMSC）中AKT信号通路的强大激活，导致血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的产生增强，VEGF是白血病b细胞存活的促进剂，并且至少部分地通过传递Axl受体酪氨酸激酶（RTK）持续增加cyclin D1和c-myc。相反，增加

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tumor cells influence their neighboring stroma to create a favorable niche for survival and advancement of the clinical course. To date, how the malignant cells alter the function of other cell types in surrounding tissues is largely unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that microvesicles (MV) produced by malignant cells are biologically active as a result of their ability to have both intimate and remote influences on hos stromal cells. Recently, we discovered circulating MV from B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia plasma are unique mediators of communication within the CLL microenvironment. We detected: (a) majority of CLL plasma contained elevated levels of MV; and (b) a phenotypic shift from predominantly "platelet-derived" (PD) MV (CD61+) in early stages of CLL toward a more "leukemic B-cell derived" (LD) MV (CD19+) during advanced stages. Most recently, we have detected that CLL B-cells can spontaneously or with stimulation produce LD MV in vitro irrespective of disease stages (Rai stage). In addition, we have shown that CLL MV and CLL stromal cell interaction results in robust activation of the AKT signaling pathway in CLL-bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), leading to enhanced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a facilitator of leukemic B-cell survival, and sustained increases in cyclin D1 and c-myc, at least in part, by delivering Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). In contrast, increase in VEGF upon MV exposure also occurs with normal BMSC but at very subtle or diminished levels. Interestingly, we have detected intrinsic functional differences between normal and CLL BMSC that include: (i) CLL BMSC are hyper responsive to MV-mediated modulation of intracellular signaling; and (ii) express aberrantly activated signaling components, e.g., Axl and its downstream c-Src, involved in cell proliferation and survival. In addition, CLL BMSC express higher levels of the Src homology phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), reported to positively regulate the Src-signaling pathway. Based on our findings, the central hypothesis of this proposal is that MV generation in CLL is a dynamic process and that the circulating MV play a critical role in CLL pathogenesis as a result of MVs' unique ability to reprogram BMSC function with facilitation of CLL progression. Thus, neutralization of MV from circulation or inhibition of MV generation by the leukemic B-cells and/or prevention of MV interaction with the CLL stroma may halt disease progression and ultimately may apply to other human malignancies. Our hypothesis will be tested by addressing three specific aims: (1) Study the dynamics of MV generation in vitro by CLL B-cells; (2) Study the in vivo dynamics of MV generation and establish the relationship of CLL MV parameters to CLL progression and therapeutic outcome; (3) Interrogate the mechanism of aberrant function in CLL BMSC. We will study dynamics of in vitro generation of MV by purified CLL B-cells and whether CLL prognostic parameters or other in vitro stimulations are critical for the generation of LD-MV. We will study sequentially the dynamics of MV generation in CLL plasma and their relationship with prognostics and time to therapy. We will also study whether plasma MV levels and phenotype parameters predict therapeutic outcome in CLL patients being treated on two chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) clinical trials. Finally, using biochemical and genetic approach we will dissect mechanism of aberrant signaling in CLL BMSC and role of the Axl RTK in modulation of BMSC functions. Using these approaches we will be able to address our central hypothesis by acquiring more definitive knowledge of the dynamics of MV generation in CLL both in vitro and in vivo, ability of the circulating plasma MV to predict therapeutic outcome in CLL patients, nature of aberrant signaling in CLL BMSC and how the MV parameters associate with disease progression.