Neuroinflammation and developmental vulnerability to manganese toxicity

描述（由申请方提供）：对发育中的CNS的神经毒性损伤与人类神经系统疾病有关，但对可能导致此类疾病的机制仍知之甚少。暴露于高水平的必需元素锰（Mn）会引起一系列神经化学和神经病理学变化，最终导致皮质下和皮质结构中不可逆的神经元损伤。儿童似乎比成人更容易受到锰的影响，最近的流行病学证据将饮用水中的高锰与儿童的认知和行为障碍联系起来，但年轻人明显更敏感的基础尚不清楚。神经胶质细胞中的持续性炎症变化可能B生命早期暴露于Mn与衰老期间对神经毒性损伤和神经功能障碍的易感性增加之间的潜在联系，因为神经炎症现在被认为是锰中毒和基底神经节其他神经系统疾病进展的中心特征。这是该提议的中心假设，即在发育期间暴露于Mn刺激小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞之间的NF-κ B依赖性细胞间信号传导，导致持续的神经炎症，从而增强衰老期间对神经功能障碍的易感性。这一假设将通过三个具体目标进行检验，这些目标将审查：神经胶质细胞特异性NF-kB活化在锰致神经毒性中作用（特定目的1），星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞之间的关键细胞-细胞相互作用，对于放大炎症激活和神经元损伤是必要的（特异性目的2），和星形胶质细胞介导NF-κ B依赖性诱导神经炎性基因的转录调节机制（特异性目的3）。我们将在NF-kB-EGFP报告小鼠和我们实验室产生的星形胶质细胞特异性NF-kB敲除小鼠中使用两次打击模型，这些小鼠从断奶前到青春期将动物暴露于Mn，然后检查它们对多巴胺能神经毒物1-甲基-4-苯基-1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）的易感性。我们除了确定与神经炎症发作相关的星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞中NF-κ B活化的时间模式，以及星形胶质细胞特异性NF-κ B活性功能丧失将减轻Mn在发育小鼠和衰老期间的神经毒性作用。我们还预计，相对于先前未暴露于Mn的小鼠，在幼年发育期间暴露于Mn将导致衰老期间更大的神经功能障碍，这是由于持续的神经炎症增加神经元功能障碍。总的来说，提出的具体目标将建立在我们实验室以前的工作基础上，以解决有关星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞之间关键细胞相互作用的关键机制问题，这些相互作用增强了由发育暴露于Mn引起的神经元功能障碍。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Neurotoxic injury to the developing CNS is linked to neurological disease in humans but mechanisms that may predispose to such conditions remain very poorly understood. Exposure to elevated levels of the essential element manganese (Mn) causes a spectrum of neurochemical and neuropathologic changes that can culminate in irreversible neuronal injury in subcortical and cortical structures. Children appear to be more vulnerable to Mn than adults and recent epidemiological evidence links high Mn in drinking water to cognitive and behavioral impairment in children but the basis for the apparent greater sensitivity of young individuals is not clear. Persistent inflammatory changes in glial cells may b a potential link between exposure to Mn early in life and heightened susceptibility to neurotoxic injury and neurological dysfunction during aging because neuroinflammation is now recognized as a central feature in the progression of manganism and other neurological disorders of the basal ganglia. It is the central hypothesis of this proposal that Mn exposure during development stimulates NF-kB-dependent intercellular signaling between microglia and astrocytes, resulting in ongoing neuroinflammation that enhances susceptibility to neurological dysfunction during aging. This hypothesis will be tested by three Specific Aims that will examine: the role of glial- specific NF-kB activation in promoting Mn-induced neurotoxicity during development and aging (Specific Aim 1), critical cell-cell interactions between astrocytes and microglia necessary for amplifying inflammatory activation and neuronal injury (Specific Aim 2), and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in astrocytes mediating NF-kB-dependent induction of neuroinflammatory genes (Specific Aim 3). We will use a two-hit model in NF-kB-EGFP reporter mice and astrocyte-specific NF-kB knockout mice generated in our laboratory that expose animals to Mn from pre-weaning through puberty and then examine their susceptibility to the dopaminergic neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We except to identify temporal patterns of NF-kB activation in astrocytes and microglia that correlate with onset of neuroinflammation and that astrocyte-specific loss of function of NF-kB activity will mitigate the neurotoxic effects of Mn, both in developing mice and during aging. We also expect that exposure to Mn during juvenile development will lead to greater neurological dysfunction during aging due to persistent neuroinflammation that increases neuronal dysfunction, relative to mice without prior exposure to Mn. Collectively, the proposed Specific Aims will build upon previous work from our laboratory to address key mechanistic questions regarding critical cellular interactions between astrocytes and microglia that potentiate neuronal dysfunction caused by developmental exposure to Mn.