Capturing Leprosy: The Medical Gaze in America's Pacific Empire

 描述(由申请人提供)： 19世纪末，随着美国开始管理夏威夷和菲律宾的海外领地，医生和殖民官员将摄影作为麻风病监测和生物医学实验的有用工具。他们拍摄疑似麻风病例，以记录和确定谁将被送往孤立的定居点，生成数千张临床照片，这些照片包括在患者档案中，后来进入了大量的医学和非医学文献。《捕捉麻风》研究了这些麻风病(汉森氏病)的医学照片，以及它们在19世纪末至20世纪中叶美国殖民对象的生物医学种族主义中所扮演的关键角色。这项研究以夏威夷和菲律宾为中心，考察了在胁迫条件下拍摄的麻风照片如何有效地教会了临床医生如何“看到”种族和种族差异，尽管它声称是种族中立和临床客观的。在医学印刷文化中，麻风病的身体和种族主义的身体变得难以区分。此外，定居点内的摄影是强制性生物医学实验的组成部分，包括为未感染的患者接种活细菌。科学家们拍摄了疾病的每个阶段，并指示患者暴露自己毁容的身体。这种现代医学的凝视使亚洲和土著人口得到了广泛的关注，并影响了将殖民人口视为潜在病原体的更广泛的方式。因此，该书的第一个主要目标是分析种族差异和疾病是如何通过医学摄影和印刷文化相互构成的。它的第二个主要目标是利用20世纪麻风馆居民未被探索的视觉实践，反驳麻风病的制度化观点。通过他们自己对照片的不同使用，患者扰乱了医疗凝视，并倡导残疾和患者的权利。最后，这本书提供了夏威夷原住民生物伦理培训的当代案例研究，以评估夏威夷文化协议和非殖民化原则正在改变医学上的临床护理范例的方式 服务不足的土著社区。 NLM为生物医学和健康领域的学术工作提供的三年资助将使PI能够完成研究并撰写这本书。基于迄今未被研究的、但广泛的、来自德国夏威夷、菲律宾和路易斯安那州的临床照片档案，以及土著生物伦理学的田野调查，这项研究提供了一种对医学史的比较、多地点和跨学科的方法。这项工作将引起公共卫生学者和从业者、生物伦理学、残疾研究、关键种族研究的学者以及前汉森病患者及其后代的活跃社区的兴趣。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As the United States began to administer overseas possessions of Hawai'i and the Philippines in the late-nineteenth century, physicians and colonial officials adapted photography as a useful instrument for leprosy surveillance and biomedical experimentation. They photographed suspected leprosy cases to document and determine who would be sent to isolated settlements, generating thousands of clinical photographs that were included in patient files and later found their way into a vast array of medical and non-medical literatures. Capturing Leprosy investigates these medical photographs of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and their critical role in the biomedical racialization of U.S. colonial subjects from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. Centered on Hawai'i and Philippines, this study examines how leprosy photography produced under conditions of duress effectively taught clinicians how to "see" race and racial difference, although it purported to be race-neutral and clinically objective. In medical print culture, the leprous body and the racialized body became indistinguishable. Furthermore, photography in the settlements operated as an integral part of coercive biomedical experiments, including live bacilli inoculations of uninfected patients. Scientists photographed every phase of the disease and directed patients to expose their disfigured bodies. This modern medical gaze brought Asian and indigenous populations into wide visibility and influenced broader ways of seeing colonial populations as potential pathogens. Thus the book's first major objective is to analyze how racial difference and disease were mutually constituted through medical photography and print culture. Its second major objective is to counter institutionalized views of leprosy, utilizing underexplored visual practices of leprosarium residents from the twentieth century. With their own discrepant use of photographs, patients disrupted the medical gaze and advocated for disability and patients' rights. Finally, the book offers a contemporary case study of Native Hawaiian bioethical training in a former leprosy settlement to assess ways Hawaiian cultural protocols and decolonizing principles are shifting clinical paradigms of care in medically underserved indigenous communities. Three years of support from an NLM Grant for Scholarly Works in Biomedicine and Health will enable the PI to complete research and write this book. Based on heretofore unstudied, yet extensive, archives of clinical photographs from Hawai'i, Germany, the Philippines, and Louisiana, as well as fieldwork in indigenous bioethics, this study offers a comparative, multi-sited, and interdisciplinary approach to the history of medicine. The work will be of interest to public health scholars and practitioners; scholars in bioethics, disability studies, critical race studies; as well as active communities of former Hansen's disease patients and their descendants.