COMPLEMENTS AND SUBSTITUTES IN THE PRODUCTION OF HEALTH

大多数发病率和死亡率是由可预防的疾病引起的。在……里面 1975年，疾病控制中心(CDC)报告称，50%的 过早死亡是由行为决定的，作为一种 不幸的迹象表明，我们在扭转这一局面的努力中缺乏进展 趋势，麦金尼斯和福奇(1993)指出，这一比率并没有 变化。在1990年美国214.8万人的死亡中， 近50%的人是可以预防的，直接归因于行为 原因。在美国非常贫穷的社区，如中央 在纽约市的哈莱姆，平均预期寿命是 大大低于全国平均水平。事实上，在哈莱姆区， 普通的非裔美国人更有可能死于 达到65岁的年龄比孟加拉国的平均年龄要高，是 地球上最贫穷的国家(McCord和Freeman，1990)。大部分 这些死亡是可以预防的。至少有一半的超额死亡人数 在哈莱姆区是与特定的健康相关的原因有关的结果 行为。这个问题并不局限于哈莱姆区。美联队 各州面临严重的健康问题。根据1993年的数据， 23%的白人人口和25%的黑人人口 空气质量低于环境保护的地区 根据美国环保署(EPA)的标准，1992年白人的凶杀率为 每10万人中有9.1人，黑人为每10万人中有67.5人 人口，而且四分之一的成年人口仍然吸烟， 而33%的黑人男性仍在吸烟。黑人，穷人，还有那些 生活在腹地城市的人儿童疫苗接种率都较低。 这些数据表明，要想提高，还有很长的路要走 不仅是哈莱姆区的健康，还有美国的健康。 该项目的总体目标是调查 外生环境因素与遗传健康天赋 关于预防健康行为的参与度。一位模特 融入社会心理健康行为的关键因素 将开发模型和健康经济模型。它是 假设恶劣的环境条件和糟糕的遗传 健康捐赠会降低主观生存概率，而且 因此，减少参与健康行为的动机 他们的福利是在超过生存时间的时间段内积累的。 该模型将使用来自两个国家健康中心的数据进行测试 调查和来自在纽约州哈莱姆区进行的一次家庭调查 约克城。

Most morbidity and mortality is due to preventable illnesses. In 1975, The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that 50% of premature deaths were behaviorally determined and as an unfortunate sign of our lack of progress in the effort to reverse this trend, McGinnis and Foege (1993) point out that this rate has not changed. Of the 2,148,000 deaths in the United States in 1990, almost 50% were preventable and directly attributable to behavioral causes. In very poor communities in the U.S., such as Central Harlem in New York City, the average life expectancy is considerably lower than the national average. In fact, in Harlem, the average African American man is more likely to die before reaching the age of 65 than the average man in Bangladesh, one of the poorest nations on Earth (McCord and Freeman 1990). Most of these deaths are preventable. At least one half of the excess deaths in Harlem are the result of causes linked to specific health-related behaviors. This problem is not just limited to Harlem. The United States faces serious health problems. According to data from 1993, 23% of the white population and 25% of the black population lived in areas where air quality was below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards., the 1992 homicide rate for whites was 9.1 per 100,000 population and for blacks it was 67.5 per 100,000 population, and one quarter of the adult populations still smokes, while 33% of black males still smoke. Blacks, the poor, and those living in ventral cities all have lower childhood vaccination rates. These data indicate that there is still a long way to go to improve the health not only of Harlem, but of the United States, as well. The overall goal of this project is to investigate the impact of exogenous environmental factors and inherited health endowments on the participation in preventive health behaviors. A model incorporating key factors of social psychological health behavior models and of health economic models will be developed. It is hypothesized that poor environmental conditions and poor inherited health endowments decrease subjective survival probabilities, and therefore decrease the incentive to participate in healthy behaviors whose benefits accrue in time periods that exceed survival times. This model will be tested using data from two national health surveys and from one household survey conducted in Harlem, New York City.