Aging Vitamin E, and Immune Function in Aged

描述（由申请人提供）：衰老与T细胞介导的功能下降有关，这导致感染性疾病和肿瘤的发病率、发病率和死亡率较高。T细胞中与年龄相关的缺陷已被证明是由于T细胞功能的内在下降，以及巨噬细胞（Mphi）产生的T细胞抑制因子前列腺素（PG）E2的增加。我们证明，增加PGE 2的生产是由于神经酰胺介导的上调环氧合酶2（考克斯-2）的转录，在PGE 2合成的关键调控酶。然而，神经酰胺上调考克斯2表达的信号机制尚不清楚，需要进一步研究。我们进一步表明，维生素E（E）补充通过两种不同的机制改善T细胞介导的功能：a）通过减少PGE 2产生，从而减少巨噬细胞Mphi介导的抑制，和B）通过直接增强T细胞功能，而不依赖于其对Mphi PGE 2产生的影响。E通过提高来自老年小鼠的幼稚T细胞产生IL-2的能力并通过细胞分裂周期进行发挥其作用。E诱导的初始T细胞功能增强的机制尚不清楚，需要确定。因此，这项建议的具体目标是： 1)确定神经酰胺诱导老年Mphi中考克斯-2表达上调的信号通路。为了实现这一目标，我们将检验神经酰胺通过增强PKC-zeta活性上调老年巨噬细胞中考克斯-2表达，导致IkappaB磷酸化增加，从而降解的假设。这反过来将增加NF κ B活化和考克斯-2表达。 2)确定E诱导老年初始T细胞功能增加的机制。为了实现这一目标，我们将测试的假设，E增强幼稚T细胞的功能，在老年小鼠，通过增加他们的能力，形成一个有效的免疫突触的T细胞受体（TCR）和抗原接触的网站。反过来，这将导致老年小鼠中TCR相关信号转导的改善，以及随后的IL-2产生。我们提出，E通过改变膜脂质结构域（称为脂筏）中关键TCR相关信号分子的再分布来诱导其效应，其机制为以下一种或两种：a）增加与TCR介导的活化相关的关键信号分子的棕榈酰化，和B）改变脂筏的脂质组分的结构。 这些实验将阐明与年龄相关的巨噬细胞和T细胞失调的机制，以及它们被E。反过来，这将有助于设计实用的营养干预措施，以逆转和/或延迟与年龄相关的免疫和炎症反应失调以及与之相关的疾病。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Aging is associated with a decline in T cell mediated functions, which contributes to a higher incidence of, and morbidity and mortality from, infectious diseases and tumors. The age-related defect in T cells has been shown to be due to intrinsic declines in T cell function, as well as increased production of prostaglandin (PG)E2, a T cell suppressive factor, by macrophages (Mphi). We demonstrated that the increased PGE2 production was due to ceramide mediated upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) transcription, a key regulatory enzyme in PGE2 synthesis. The signaling mechanism through which ceramide upregulates COX 2 expression, however, is not known and needs to be investigated. We further showed that vitamin E (E) supplementation improves T cell mediated function by two distinct mechanisms: a) by decreasing PGE2 production, thus reducing macrophage Mphi mediated suppression, and b) by directly enhancing T cell function, independent of its effect on Mphi PGE2 production. E exerts its effect by improving the ability of naive T cells from old mice to produce IL-2 and progress through cell division cycles. The mechanism of E-induced enhancement of naive T cell function is not known and needs to be determined. Thus, the specific aims of this proposal are: 1) To determine the signaling pathway involved in ceramide-induced upregulation of COX-2 expression in old Mphi. To accomplish this goal, we will test the hypothesis that ceramide upregulates COX-2 expression in old macrophages through enhancing PKC-zeta activity, leading to increased IkappaB phosphorylation, and thus degradation. This in turn will increase NFkappaB activation and COX-2 expression. 2) To determine the mechanism of E-induced increase in the function of old naive T cells. To accomplish this goal, we will test the hypothesis that E enhances naive T cell function in old mice by increasing their ability to form an effective immune synapse at the site of T cell receptor (TCR) and antigen contact. This, in turn, will lead to improved TCR-associated signal transduction, and subsequent, IL-2 production in old mice. We propose that E induces its effect by changing the redistribution of key TCR associated signaling molecules in membrane lipid domains, known as lipid rafts, by one or both of the following mechanisms: a) increasing palmitoylation of key signaling molecules associated with TCR-mediated activation, and b) changing the structure of the lipid component of lipid rafts. These experiments will elucidate the mechanism of the age-related dysregulation of macrophages and T cells, as well as their normalization by E. This, in turn, will help in designing practical nutritional interventions to reverse and/or delay the age-associated dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses as well as diseases associated with it.