Impact of Indirect Exposure to Terrorist Attacks

2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击引发了一系列事件，使数百万人面临恐怖和持续的严重威胁。拟议研究的第一个目的是探讨不同程度的间接媒体曝光对参与正在进行的小组研究的405名受虐妇女的福祉的影响。更具体地说，我们将比较9/11袭击后参与者的健康状况与他们在袭击前的健康状况，并检查暴露于袭击的水平作为变化的中介的作用。福祉将在以下领域进行衡量：1)心理健康症状（即创伤后应激、抑郁、酗酒和滥用药物），2)健康状况，以及3)生活质量。我们假设幸福感轨迹发生了变化，表明9/11之后的幸福感水平低于9/11之前的水平。如果这一假设得到证实，那么将测试以下假设：考虑到亲密伴侣暴力，有形资源，社会支持和福祉的基线（9/11之前）措施，从间接暴露于恐怖主义事件的较高水平和与恐怖主义相关的威胁评估的较高水平可以预测较低的福祉水平（更大的精神健康症状，较低的健康状况和较低的生活质量）。第二个目的是探索在多大程度上，目前参与纵向研究的受虐妇女在9/11袭击后再次遭受亲密伴侣暴力侵害的风险增加。更具体地说，我们假设亲密伴侣暴力的轨迹发生了变化，表明与9/11之前相比，9/11之后的再受害程度更高。这些信息还有助于在整个社区经历创伤事件后采取预防性干预措施。建议将在正在进行的小组研究中补充访谈，在剩余的四波（time7 - time10）中每一波都有一个灾难模块。我们的分析方案需要多水平随机效应回归。这些结果将有助于在高风险样本中持续威胁的背景下制定适当的干预措施。

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 set in motion a sequence of events that have exposed millions of people to horror and ongoing serious threats. The first aim of the proposed study is to explore the effects of varying levels of indirect media exposure to the terrorists attacks on the well-being of 405 battered women who are involved in an ongoing panel study. More specifically, we will compare health status of participants after the 9/11 attacks to their health status leading up to the attack and examine the role of level of exposure to the attacks as a mediator of change. Well-being will be measured in the following domains: 1) mental health symptoms (i.e., post-traumatic stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse), 2) health status, and 3) quality of life. We hypothesize a change in the trajectories of well-being, indicating lower levels of well-being post-9/11 compared to pre-9/11 levels. If this hypothesis is confirmed, then the following hypotheses will be tested: Taking baseline (pre 9/11) measures of intimate partner violence, tangible resources, social support, and well-being into account, lower levels of well-being (greater mental health symptoms, lower health status and lower quality of life) will be predicted from higher levels of indirect exposure to the terrorist events and higher levels of terrorist-related threat appraisals. The second aim is to explore the extent to which battered women currently enrolled in the longitudinal study are at increased risk for re-victimization by intimate partner violence following the 9/11 attacks. More specifically, we hypothesize a change in the trajectories of intimate partner violence, indicating greater re- victimization post-9/11 compared to pre-9/11. This information would0 also lend itself to preventive interventions following traumatic events that are experienced by whole communities. The proposed will supplement interviews in the ongoing panel study with a disaster module in each of the four remaining waves (Time7-Time1o). Our analysis plan requires multilevel random-effects regression. These results will contribute to the development of appropriate interventions in the context of ongoing threat among a high-risk sample.