Capturing Leprosy: The Medical Gaze in America's Pacific Empire

 描述（由申请人提供）： 当美国在世纪后期开始管理夏威夷和菲律宾的海外领地时，医生和殖民地官员将摄影作为麻风病监测和生物医学实验的有用工具。他们拍摄了疑似麻风病患者的照片，以记录和确定谁将被送往隔离的定居点，产生了数千张临床照片，这些照片被纳入患者档案，后来被纳入大量的医学和非医学文献。《捕捉麻风病》调查了这些麻风病（汉森病）的医学照片，以及它们在世纪末至二十世纪中叶美国殖民地生物医学种族化中的关键作用。本研究以夏威夷和菲律宾为中心，探讨了在胁迫条件下拍摄的麻风病照片如何有效地教会临床医生如何“看到”种族和种族差异，尽管它声称是种族中立和临床客观的。在医学印刷文化中，麻风病人的身体和种族化的身体变得难以区分。此外，在定居点拍摄照片是强制性生物医学实验的一个组成部分，包括对未受感染的病人进行活杆菌接种。科学家们拍摄了这种疾病的每一个阶段，并指导患者暴露他们毁容的身体。这种现代医学的眼光使亚洲和土著居民进入了广泛的视野，并影响了将殖民地居民视为潜在病原体的更广泛的方式。因此，本书的第一个主要目标是分析种族差异和疾病是如何通过医学摄影和印刷文化相互构成的。其第二个主要目标是利用20世纪世纪以来麻风病院居民未充分探索的视觉实践，反对麻风病的制度化观点。由于他们自己对照片的不一致使用，病人扰乱了医疗视线，并主张残疾和病人的权利。最后，这本书提供了一个当代的案例研究土著夏威夷生物伦理培训在前麻风病解决评估夏威夷文化协议和非殖民化原则的方式正在改变医疗保健的临床范式。 服务不足的土著社区。 三年的支持，从NLM赠款的学术作品在生物医学和健康将使PI完成研究和写这本书。基于迄今未研究的，但广泛的，从夏威夷，德国，菲律宾和路易斯安那州的临床照片档案，以及在土著生物伦理学的实地考察，这项研究提供了一个比较，多站点，和跨学科的方法医学史。这项工作将引起公共卫生学者和从业人员的兴趣;生物伦理学、残疾研究、关键种族研究的学者;以及前汉森病患者及其后代的活跃社区。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As the United States began to administer overseas possessions of Hawai'i and the Philippines in the late-nineteenth century, physicians and colonial officials adapted photography as a useful instrument for leprosy surveillance and biomedical experimentation. They photographed suspected leprosy cases to document and determine who would be sent to isolated settlements, generating thousands of clinical photographs that were included in patient files and later found their way into a vast array of medical and non-medical literatures. Capturing Leprosy investigates these medical photographs of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and their critical role in the biomedical racialization of U.S. colonial subjects from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. Centered on Hawai'i and Philippines, this study examines how leprosy photography produced under conditions of duress effectively taught clinicians how to "see" race and racial difference, although it purported to be race-neutral and clinically objective. In medical print culture, the leprous body and the racialized body became indistinguishable. Furthermore, photography in the settlements operated as an integral part of coercive biomedical experiments, including live bacilli inoculations of uninfected patients. Scientists photographed every phase of the disease and directed patients to expose their disfigured bodies. This modern medical gaze brought Asian and indigenous populations into wide visibility and influenced broader ways of seeing colonial populations as potential pathogens. Thus the book's first major objective is to analyze how racial difference and disease were mutually constituted through medical photography and print culture. Its second major objective is to counter institutionalized views of leprosy, utilizing underexplored visual practices of leprosarium residents from the twentieth century. With their own discrepant use of photographs, patients disrupted the medical gaze and advocated for disability and patients' rights. Finally, the book offers a contemporary case study of Native Hawaiian bioethical training in a former leprosy settlement to assess ways Hawaiian cultural protocols and decolonizing principles are shifting clinical paradigms of care in medically underserved indigenous communities. Three years of support from an NLM Grant for Scholarly Works in Biomedicine and Health will enable the PI to complete research and write this book. Based on heretofore unstudied, yet extensive, archives of clinical photographs from Hawai'i, Germany, the Philippines, and Louisiana, as well as fieldwork in indigenous bioethics, this study offers a comparative, multi-sited, and interdisciplinary approach to the history of medicine. The work will be of interest to public health scholars and practitioners; scholars in bioethics, disability studies, critical race studies; as well as active communities of former Hansen's disease patients and their descendants.