AAS and the Neurobiology of Social Behaviors

描述（由申请人提供）：合成代谢雄激素类固醇（AAS）是睾酮的合成衍生物，最初设计用于治疗用途。虽然AAS今天继续在临床上使用，但低治疗剂量AAS的医疗益处与越来越多的娱乐用户自我管理的过量剂量相关的潜在健康风险形成鲜明对比。虽然陈规定型的AAS使用者是成年男性，但最近的研究表明，AAS滥用增加最快的是女性。尽管如此，很少有研究评估AAS对女性行为的影响，也没有研究测试AAS是否通过男性和女性大脑中相同的信号机制起作用。攻击性增强是AAS使用最常见的心理影响。雄激素和雌激素受体（AR和ER）介导的信号传导对于两性先天性攻击的表达是必不可少的：然而，AR和ER在介导AAS诱导的攻击中的作用尚不清楚。该提案的第一个目标是确定通常滥用AAS的鸡尾酒的攻击促进作用的剂量-反应特征，AAS如何改变引起攻击行为的重要线索，以及AR和ER信号在介导AAS诱发的攻击中的重要性，通过使用AR和ER的药理学抑制剂和使用缺乏功能性AR或ER（特别是ER α）的突变小鼠的实验。重要的是，这项研究将是第一个比较和对比雄性和雌性小鼠的这些影响。由前脑γ-氨基丁酸A型（GABAA）受体介导的神经传递是先天攻击性表达所必需的。我们已经表明，AAS治疗改变前脑GABAA受体的表达和功能，但在雄性和雌性小鼠中的作用不同。该提案的第二个目标是确定对表达攻击性至关重要的前脑区域中GABAA受体的AAS依赖性变化的剂量反应特征，AR和ER信号在介导这些变化中的重要性，并进一步确定AAS对前脑GABAA受体的影响在雄性和雌性小鼠之间的差异。迄今为止，已经合成了60多种AAS，它们具有不同的雌激素和雄激素特性。从这些实验中获得的数据将对理解这些滥用AAS中的每一种可能对不良攻击的影响以及它们在男性和女性中的行为是否不同产生重要影响。这些数据也将提供重要的新信息的机制，AAS引起的突触传递的变化，可能有助于AAS诱导的侵略在男性和女性的大脑。这些数据可能不仅有助于了解AAS的作用，而且有助于了解通过GABA能途径起作用的其他滥用药物的作用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone originally designed for therapeutic uses. Although AAS continue to be used clinically today, the medical benefits of low therapeutic doses of AAS stand in sharp contrast to the potential health risks associated with the excessive doses self-administered by a growing number of recreational users. While the stereotypical AAS user is an adult male, recent studies indicate that the most rapid increases in AAS abuse are in females. In spite of this fact, few studies have assessed AAS effects on behavior in females, and no studies have been performed to test if AAS act through the same signaling mechanisms in the male and female brain. Heightened aggression is the most commonly described psychological effect of AAS use. Signaling mediated by androgen and estrogen receptors (AR and ER) is essential for the expression of innate aggression in both sexes: however the roles of AR and ER in mediating AAS-induced aggression are not known. The first goal of this proposal is to determine the dose-response characteristics of the aggression-promoting effects of a cocktail of commonly abused AAS, how AAS may alter cues important in eliciting aggressive behavior, and the importance of AR and ER signaling in mediating AAS-evoked aggression by experiments using pharmacological inhibitors of AR and ER and using mutant mice that lack functional AR or ER (specifically ERalpha). Importantly, this study will be the first to compare and contrast these effects in male and female mice. Neural transmission mediated by forebrain gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors is required for the expression of innate aggression. We have shown that AAS treatment alters forebrain GABAA receptor expression and function, but does so differently in male and female mice. The second goal of this proposal is to determine the dose-response characteristics for AAS-dependent changes in GABAA receptors in forebrain regions critical for the expression of aggression, the importance of AR and ER signaling in mediating those changes, and to further establish how the effects of AAS on forebrain GABAA receptors differ between male and female mice. To date over 60 AAS have been synthesized that vary in their estrogenic and androgenic properties. Data from these experiments will have important implications for understanding the effects each of these abused AAS may have on untoward aggression and if they will act differently in men and women. These data will also provide important new information on the mechanisms by which AAS elicit changes in synaptic transmission that may contribute to AAS-induced aggression in both the male and female brain. Such data may be relevant towards understanding not only the effects of AAS, but of other abused drugs that act via GABAergic pathways.