Studies of Occupational Cancer (Pesticides)

这个项目中有几项研究。然而，其中规模最大的是农业健康研究（AHS）。本前瞻性队列研究旨在评估农药和其他农业因素与癌症和其他疾病风险之间的关系。这项研究的参与者包括来自爱荷华州和北卡罗来纳州的约9万名男性和女性。从1993年到1997年，通过自我调查问卷获得详细信息，从1998年到2003年9月，从2004年到2010年，计算机辅助电话访谈更新了登记时收集的信息。电话访谈的问题包括农药使用和其他农业接触、生活方式因素、病史和家族史以及饮食。2010-2015年，由NIEHS的研究人员牵头，对癌症以外的慢性疾病进行问卷调查。美国农业协会多年来提供了一些关于农药与癌症关联的信息。在本年度，包括一篇关于膀胱癌的论文在内的几篇论文发表了芳香胺类农药与膀胱癌风险之间的联系。另一项评估显示，异丙甲草胺的使用与肝癌之间的联系日益密切，而此前人们曾将其与啮齿动物的肝癌联系起来。AHS配偶是评估低暴露水平和妇女癌症的重要人群。一项针对这一群体的研究表明，接触特定有机磷杀虫剂会增加患甲状腺癌和卵巢癌的风险。大约50%的人群中有颊细胞，这为GXE研究和表观遗传机制研究提供了基因组DNA的来源。较小的子研究使用生物标本来评估暴露的中间效应和结果。今年发表的一项研究评估了端粒长度与一些农药之间的关系，并显示了2,4- d的使用与较短的端粒之间的关系。目前正在努力在美国农业安全协会内招募1600名农民，以更新接触信息，收集血液和其他生物标本，以及粉尘，以评估与农药接触有关的几种假设。今年发表了一篇描述方法和初步统计数据的论文。AHS是一项富有成效的研究，用于评估与农药有关的许多假设。然而，早期生活暴露和未来的癌症风险是非常有趣的。在登记时，AHS参与者提供了他们后代的信息。我们开展了一项新的工作，来列举这些后代，并跟踪他们，以评估他们早年接触农药和其他农场的情况，以及未来患癌症的风险。AHS还向农业群体联盟AGRICOH提供数据。今年发表了一篇初步论文，描述了研究中暴露的一致性，随后将重点研究淋巴造血恶性肿瘤的病因学结果。乳腺癌和前列腺癌的联合研究也已在该联盟中启动。该处的其他研究也在评估与农药接触有关的风险。一项对多发性骨髓瘤病例对照研究的汇总研究表明，使用滴滴涕、西威因和卡普坦会增加患多发性骨髓瘤的风险。母亲在职业上接触农业化学品可能会增加生出肢体缺陷儿童的风险。

There are several studies within this project. However, the largest of these is the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). This prospective cohort study was designed to evaluate the relationship between pesticides and other agricultural factors and the risk of cancer and other diseases. Enrollment in this study includes about 90,000 men and women from Iowa and North Carolina. From 1993-1997 detailed information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire and from 1998 through September 2003 and again from 2004 through 2010 computer assisted telephone interviews updated the information collected at enrollment. Telephone interviews include questions on pesticides used and other agricultural exposures, lifestyle factors, medical and family history of disease, and diet. A questionnaire focused on chronic disease other than cancer was administered in 2010-2015 and focused on chronic disease other than cancer was led by investigators from NIEHS. The AHS has provided information on a number of pesticide-cancer associations over the years. In this FY, several papers were published, including one on bladder cancer, showing a link between aromatic amine pesticides and bladder cancer risk in the pesticide applicators. Another evaluation showed an increased association between metolachlor use and liver cancer, which had been previously linked to liver cancer in rodents. The AHS spouses represent an important population in which to evaluate lower exposure levels, as well as cancer among women. A study among this group showed an increased risk of thyroid and ovarian cancers with exposure to specific organophosphate insecticides. Buccal cells are available from approximately 50% of the cohort, and provides a source of genomic DNA for GXE studies and studies of epigenetic mechanisms. Smaller sub-studies have biological specimens for the evaluation of intermediate effects of exposure and outcome. This year a study was published evaluating the association between telomere length and a number of pesticides and showed an association between 2,4-D use and shorter telomeres. There is currently an effort underway to recruit 1,600 farmers within the AHS to update exposure information and collect blood and other biological specimens, and dust for the purpose of evaluating several hypotheses related to pesticide exposure. A paper describing the methodology and preliminary statistics was published this year. The AHS has been a productive study with which to evaluate many hypotheses related to pesticides. However, early life exposures and future cancer risk are of great interest. At enrollment, AHS participants provided information on their offspring. A new effort was launched to enumerate these offspring and follow them with the purpose of evaluating their early life pesticide and other farm exposures and future cancer risk. The AHS also contributes data to AGRICOH, the consortium of agricultural cohorts. An initial paper describing the harmonization of exposure across studies was published this year, with etiologic results focused on lymphohematopoietic malignancies to follow. Pooled studies of breast and prostate cancer have also been initiated within the consortium. Other studies within the Branch are also evaluating risks associated with pesticide exposure. A pooled study of case-control studies of multiple myeloma demonstrated an increased risk associated with the use of DDT, carbaryl and captan. maternal occupational exposure to agricultural chemicals may increase the risk of giving birth to a child with limb defects.