A Developmental Framework For Linking Phonological And Morpho-syntactic Sequential Pattern Rules In Developmental Language Disorder

摘要 患有发育性语言障碍(DLD，AKA)的儿童英语学习的标志 语言障碍)是语法形态不一致的产物。然而，最近的工作也 涉及音系域，如在产生单词和非单词形式方面的缺陷所表明的。这个 目前提出的假设是，形态和语音缺陷是由一种 在顺序模式学习方面存在更广泛的缺陷。在这里采取的独特方法结合了我们已经 从语言学和语言领域的最新发展了解汉语词汇学习中的形态句法缺陷 收购。首先，可以将语音和形态模式分为三种模式类型 (单一特征、OR/析取、家族相似性/原型)，这些类型具有很长的历史 在视觉模式学习中的研究。重要的是，患有DLD的儿童似乎在学习吗啡方面有最大的困难。 OR类型的句法模式(例如，常规过去时)。相比之下，使用人工语法的研究表明 典型发育中的婴儿非常擅长学习单一特征和OR模式类型； 家族相似性模式可能较弱。典型的成年人擅长单一的特征和家庭 相似的模式，但至少表面上看起来更像患有DLD的儿童 在手术室模式上。 以这些耐人寻味的发现为起点，拟议的研究将语音和 DLD儿童的形态序列学习。在目标1中，我们询问4至6岁的儿童(通常 发展中(TD)、仅有DLD、DLD+语音障碍(SSD)和无形态句法缺陷的SSD) 成年人对符合这三种模式之一的输入例子很敏感。我们预测，与 他们长期记录的形态句法缺陷，患有DLD的儿童将在 音位或模式。与他们完整的形态句法技能一致，患有SSD的儿童应该表现出 OR模式的缺陷，揭示了OR模式学习、音系学和形态句法之间的联系。目标2 探讨包含语义子类别线索是否有助于学习OR模式。Aim 3询问是否 对联想组织词汇的依赖可以解释从婴儿到成人的发展变化 观察OR模式(它不是关联组织的)，从而探索 患有DLD的儿童依靠他们的词汇来弥补他们的顺序模式学习缺陷。结果是 建议的研究承诺帮助确定DLD的潜在机制(S)，并提出可能的 干预策略，如在OR句型中使用语义线索和强化词汇 组织。

Abstract A hallmark of English-learning children with developmental language disorder (DLD, AKA specific language impairment) is the inconsistent production of grammatical morphology. However, recent work also implicates the phonological domain, as indicated by deficits in producing word and nonword forms. The hypothesis driving the current proposal is that morphological and phonological deficits are causally linked by a broader deficit in sequential pattern learning. The unique approach taken here combines what we already know about morpho-syntactic deficits in DLD with recent developments in the fields of linguistics and language acquisition. First, it is possible to divide phonological and morphological patterns into three pattern types (Single Feature, OR/Disjunction, Family Resemblance/Prototype), with these types having a long history of study in visual pattern learning. Importantly, children with DLD appear to have maximum difficulty with morpho- syntactic patterns of the OR type (e.g., regular past tense). In contrast, studies using artificial grammars show that infants who are typically developing are highly adept at learning Single Feature and OR pattern types; Family Resemblance patterns may be weaker. Typical adults are adept at Single Feature and Family Resemblance patterns, but appear to be, at least superficially, more like children with DLD in their performance on the OR pattern. With these intriguing findings as a starting point, the proposed research links phonological and morphological sequence learning in children with DLD. In Aim 1, we ask if 4- to 6-year-olds (typically developing (TD), DLD alone, DLD + speech sound disorder (SSD), and SSD with no morpho-syntactic deficit) and adults are sensitive to input examples that fit one of these three patterns. We predict that, consistent with their long-documented morpho-syntactic deficit, children with DLD will have particular difficulty with the phonological OR pattern. Consistent with their intact morpho-syntactic skills, children with SSD should show no deficits in the OR pattern, revealing a link between OR pattern learning, phonology, and morpho-syntax. Aim 2 explores whether the inclusion of a semantic subcategory cue facilitates learning the OR pattern. Aim 3 asks if dependence on the associatively organized lexicon can account for the infant-to-adult developmental changes observed for the OR pattern (which is not associatively organized) and thereby explores the possibility that children with DLD rely on their lexicons to compensate for their sequential pattern learning deficit. The results of the proposed studies promise to help identify the underlying mechanism(s) of DLD and to suggest possible intervention strategies, such as employing semantic cues to the OR pattern and strengthening lexical organization.