Reversing melanoma-induced T cell dysfunction

描述（由申请人提供）：有充分的证据表明黑色素瘤患者可以针对自身肿瘤表达的抗原产生免疫反应。然而，自发或疫苗诱导的肿瘤抗原（TA）特异性细胞毒性T细胞（ctl）的高频率未能诱导黑色素瘤排斥反应。因此，了解自发ta特异性T细胞反应促进黑色素瘤消退的失败，对于设计旨在克服肿瘤诱导的免疫逃逸的新型治疗干预措施至关重要。在肿瘤诱导的免疫抑制的众多机制中，有助于肿瘤对细胞毒性T细胞的抵抗，许多动物和人类的实验研究表明，程序性死亡1 (PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1 （PD-L1）相互作用等共抑制途径在抑制ta特异性CD8+ T细胞的效应功能中的作用。晚期黑色素瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞（PBLs）或肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TILs）中自发ta特异性CD8+ T细胞似乎上调PD-1的表达。PD-1是慢性抗原刺激下ta特异性CD8+ T细胞扩增的调节因子。然而，单独在自发性ta特异性CD8+ T细胞上的PD-1上调并不一致且直接与细胞间的T细胞功能障碍相关。这一重要的观察结果提出了一种假设，即包括PD-1在内的多种共抑制受体的共表达可能由高度功能失调/耗竭的T细胞表达，正如之前在慢性病毒感染小鼠的病毒特异性CD8+ T细胞中观察到的那样。在这里，我们提出解决这个问题，并研究是否其他共抑制分子途径参与晚期黑色素瘤患者ta特异性T细胞功能障碍。我们还将研究阻断这些通路是否可以与PD-1/PD-L1通路阻断协同作用，以逆转黑色素瘤诱导的晚期黑色素瘤患者PBLs和TILs中ta特异性CD8+和CD4+ T细胞功能障碍。总的来说，从概述的研究中得出的结果将支持在免疫治疗干预中使用组合共抑制途径阻断来逆转晚期黑色素瘤患者肿瘤诱导的T细胞衰竭/功能障碍。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is ample evidence that patients with melanoma can develop immune responses directed against antigens expressed by their own tumor. However, very high frequencies of spontaneous or vaccine-induced tumor antigen (TA)-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have failed to induce melanoma rejection. Understanding the failure of spontaneous TA-specific T cell responses to promote regression of melanoma is therefore critical for the design of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at overcoming tumor-induced immune escape. Among the numerous mechanisms of tumor-induced immunosuppression that contribute to the resistance of tumors to cytotoxic T cells, a number of experimental studies in animals and in humans have suggested the role of co- inhibitory pathways like programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interactions in inhibiting the effector functions of TA-specific CD8+ T cells. Spontaneous TA-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of patients with advanced melanoma appear to upregulate PD-1 expression. PD-1 is a regulator of TA-specific CD8+ T cell expansion in the context of chronic antigen stimulation. However, PD-1 upregulation alone on spontaneous TA-specific CD8+ T cells is not consistently and directly associated with T cell dysfunction on a cell-per-cell basis. This critical observation raises the hypothesis that the co-expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors including PD-1 may be expressed by highly dysfunctional/exhausted T cells, as previously observed in virus-specific CD8+ T cells in mice with chronic viral infections. Here, we propose to address this question and investigate whether other co-inhibitory molecular pathways are involved in TA-specific T cell dysfunction in patients with advanced melanoma. We will also investigate whether blockade of these pathways may act synergistically with PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade to reverse melanoma-induced T cell dysfunction of TA-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in PBLs and TILs of patients with advanced melanoma. Collectively, the findings derived from the outlined studies will support the use of combinatorial co-inhibitory pathway blockades in immunotherapeutic interventions to reverse tumor-induced T cell exhaustion/dysfunction in patients with advanced melanoma.