Investigation of the role of Turner syndrome on approximate number sense

近似数感是一种共同的进化能力，它是人类复杂倾向的基础 数学。健康人近似数感神经行为相关因素的研究 种群帮助阐明了计算能力是如何在大脑中表现出来的，并强调了 预测终身数学成绩的抽象数字辨别的行为特征 (Halberda，Ly，Wilmer，Naiman，&Germine，2012；Halberda，Mazzocco，&Feigenson，2008；Libertus，Odic，& Halberda，2012)。持续性神经性痴呆患者群体近似数感的研究 数学和数字处理方面的行为缺陷，如患有特纳综合征(TS)的女性(洪， Scaletta Kent，&Kesler，2009；Kesler，Menon，&Reiss，2006；Molko等人，2003)，有可能强调 计算处理的重要组成部分，可能会提高我们对数字认知的理解 All(Butterworth&Kovas，2013)。而我们对数学和数学考试中行为表现的元分析 数字能力表明基本的数字推理技能在这个群体中得到了很大程度的保留(Baker& Reiss，2015)，目前对近似值的神经和行为相关性了解很少 遗传异常导致数学不佳的患者群体中的数字意识。建议数 K99/R00研究将通过集中评估神经行为来直接解决这些差距 患有TS的儿童、青少年和成年妇女的数感特征。这一贡献将 实质上促进了我们对特定基因异常对特定区域的影响的理解 与数字认知相关的认知过程，将有助于阐明数学成绩不佳的根本原因 对于相当数量的患有TS的女性来说，这是一种能力。这一贡献将产生多个有形的 对科学界和科技界都有好处。例如，这个项目的发现将鼓励创新 以及关于患者数学缺陷发展进程的更精细的经验假设 数字意识差的人群。此外，对基于网络的数字有效性的质疑 这一组的感觉训练将鼓励开发新的数学干预措施，这些干预措施针对 TS固有的特定认知限制，但也可以推广到更广泛的人群 在数学上苦苦挣扎的人。最后，因为大多数关于数值推理的研究都是在 TS已经在儿童和青少年身上进行过，对神经和行为的了解很少 这些过程在患有TS的成年女性中的表现。因此，预计该项目的结果将是 在女性的一生中提供有关数字认知的新的基本信息 TS，并将直接推动国家卫生研究所和国家儿童健康研究所 发展的重叠使命是促进基本发现，为所有人提供机会 充分发挥他们健康和富有成效的生活的潜力。

Approximate number sense is a shared evolutionary ability that underlies human's propensity for complex mathematics. Investigation of the neurobehavioral correlates of approximate number sense in healthy populations has helped elucidate how numeracy is represented in the brain, and has highlighted important behavioral signatures of abstract numerical discrimination that predict math performance throughout life (Halberda, Ly, Wilmer, Naiman, & Germine, 2012; Halberda, Mazzocco, & Feigenson, 2008; Libertus, Odic, & Halberda, 2012). The study of approximate number sense in patient populations with persistent neural and behavioral deficits in math and number processing, such as women with Turner syndrome (TS) (Hong, Scaletta Kent, & Kesler, 2009; Kesler, Menon, & Reiss, 2006; Molko et al., 2003), has the potential to highlight important components of numeracy processing that may improve our understanding of numerical cognition for all (Butterworth & Kovas, 2013). While our meta-analysis of behavioral performance on tests of math and number competency indicates basic numerical reasoning skills are largely preserved in this group (Baker & Reiss, 2015), very little is currently understood about the neural and behavioral correlates of approximate number sense in patient populations with genetic abnormalities leading to poor mathematics. The proposed K99/R00 research will directly address these gaps through a focused assessment of the neurobehavioral signatures of number sense in children, adolescents, and adult women with TS. This contribution will substantively advance our understanding of the effects of a specific genetic abnormality on domain-specific cognitive processes related to numerical cognition, and will help elucidate the underlying cause of poor math aptitude for the significant number of women living with TS. This contribution will accrue multiple tangible benefits to the scientific and TS communities alike. For example, findings from this project will encourage novel and more refined empirical hypotheses regarding the developmental progression of math deficits in patient populations with poor number sense. Furthermore, interrogation of the effectiveness of Web-based number sense training in this group will encourage the development of novel math interventions that are optimized for the specific cognitive constraints inherent in TS, but which may also be generalized to a broader population of individuals that struggle with mathematics. Finally, because the majority of research on numerical reasoning in TS has been conducted on children and teens, very little is understood about the neural and behavioral manifestation of these processes in adult women with TS. Thus, results from this project are expected to contribute new and fundamental information about numerical cognition throughout the life span of women with TS, and will directly advance the National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Development's overlapping mission to foster fundamental discoveries that provide all people with the chance to achieve their full potential for healthy and productive lives.