Epidemiology, immunology, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

序贯暴露对SARS-CoV-2变异株免疫广度的影响 SARS-CoV-2变种的迅速出现对疫苗接种策略提出了挑战。我们收集了201份血清样本，这些样本来自一次感染或多次接触疫苗或两者兼而有之的人。我们测量了它们对15个自然变异株和7个带有工程突变的变异株的中和效价，并分析了抗原多样性。初发感染血清的抗原图显示，Omicron亚系BA.2、BA.4/BA.5和BA.2.12.1与BA.1不同，与Beta/Gamma/Mu变异体更相似。3种基因新冠肺炎疫苗对BA.1的中和作用高于BA.4/BA.5或BA.2.12.1。BA.1接种后感染所有变异体的中和滴度均高于单独接种三种疫苗，但对BA.2.12.1和BA.4/BA.5的中和滴度较低。接种两次或三次疫苗后感染BA.1的患者中和滴度和抗原识别能力相似。在解释中和效价时，考虑到变异体之间的抗原差异有助于理解体液免疫中的复杂模式，这将为未来新冠肺炎疫苗毒株的选择提供信息(Wang等人。细胞寄主微生物2022)。 菲律宾宿务儿童在新冠肺炎大流行之前和期间对地方性冠状病毒和SARS-CoV-2的免疫力。 NIAID和菲律宾马尼拉大学正在合作研究SARS-CoV-2和地方性冠状病毒血清阳性率在菲律宾中维萨亚斯地区儿童中的情况，参与了对12-17岁儿童的纵向登革热队列研究。这一队列提供了一个独特的机会，可以在新冠肺炎大流行开始之前(2019年末/2020年初)询问地方性冠状病毒诱导的免疫，并在大流行期间(2020年、2021年、2022年)跟踪相同的儿童。

Effect of sequential exposure on breadth of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants. The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants challenges vaccination strategies. We collected 201 serum samples from persons with a single infection or multiple vaccine exposures, or both. We measured their neutralization titers against 15 natural variants and 7 variants with engineered spike mutations and analyzed antigenic diversity. Antigenic maps of primary infection sera showed that Omicron sublineages BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, and BA.2.12.1 are distinct from BA.1 and more similar to Beta/Gamma/Mu variants. Three mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations increased neutralization of BA.1 more than BA.4/BA.5 or BA.2.12.1. BA.1 post-vaccination infection elicited higher neutralization titers to all variants than three vaccinations alone, although with less neutralization to BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5. Those with BA.1 infection after two or three vaccinations had similar neutralization titer magnitude and antigenic recognition. Accounting for antigenic differences among variants when interpreting neutralization titers can aid the understanding of complex patterns in humoral immunity that informs the selection of future COVID-19 vaccine strains (Wang et al. Cell Host Microbe 2022). Immunity to endemic coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in children in Cebu, Philippines. NIAID and University of the Philippines Manila are collaborating to study SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus seroprevalence in children in the Central Visayas Region in the Philippines participating in a longitudinal dengue cohort study of children 12-17 years of age. This cohort provides a unique opportunity to interrogate immunity induced by endemic coronaviruses prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (late 2019/early 2020) and follow the same children over the course of the pandemic (2020, 2021, 2022).