RETINAL PATTERNS, GRADES SYNAPSES, NEUROMODULATION

1)了解以下过程之间的动态相互作用 内丛状层中双极细胞和无长突细胞的数量 与视网膜运动和变化相关的分析。我们的想法是测量 流程中的活动，通常不是单个细胞可以访问的 录音，以及新开发的光学技术。这项工作将 利用视频成像的方法显示电压所显示的神经活动 和钙敏感染料。初步结果表明，不同 动态过程占据不同的层次。我们将生成一张 活动在整个内部深处的动态分层， 丛状层。 2)了解递质谷氨酸是如何释放的 受控于光感受器的分级潜在突触。它是 这些突触上谷氨酸的浓度告诉我们 突触后细胞光感受器活性的分级水平。这个 (超极化)光反应的启动，不是由释放，而是 通过发射器的吸收(通过传输器)。此时将显示此控件 涉及囊泡释放和转运体摄取之间的相互作用， 初步结果表明，这两种机制之间存在滴定作用。 我们将生成一幅摄取和吸收之间动态交互的图景 参与谷氨酸浓度控制的释放。 3)了解新发现的神经调节事件在 视网膜，包括多巴胺对GABA敏感性的调节 视网膜的内部和外部，并将它们与视觉的整体方案联系起来 正在处理。初步结果表明，多巴胺对GABAc的调制 受体敏感性可能补充或放大早先众所周知的 神经调节事件。这些研究将利用单细胞膜片钳技术 细胞和活视网膜切片中的细胞，这是一项由 这个实验室现在已经普遍实施了。除了看 在单细胞活动中，我们将使用新开发的技术 多电极阵列记录以仔细观察活动的变化 在多巴胺介导的细胞群体中；影响，如改变 单位之间的活跃度和利润率的变化 活动，这将是不可见的记录从单个细胞。

1) To understand the dynamic interactions among the processes of populations of bipolar and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer related to retinal movement and change analysis. The idea is to measure activity in the processes, not normally accessible to single cell recordings, with newly developed optical techniques. The work will utilize methods of video imaging of neural activity revealed by voltage and Calcium sensitive dyes. Preliminary results suggest that different dynamic processes occupy different strata. We will generate a picture of dynamic stratification of activity throughout the depth of the inner, plexiform layer. 2) To understand how the release of the transmitter glutamate is controlled at the graded potential synapse of the photoreceptors. It is the concentration of glutamate at these synapses that informs the postsynaptic cells of the graded levels of photoreceptor activity. The (hyperpolarizing) light response in initiated, not by the release, but by the uptake (via a transporter) of transmitter. This control appears to involve interactions between vesicular release and transporter uptake, and preliminary results suggest a titration between these two mechanisms. We will generate a picture of dynamic interactions between uptake and release involved in the control of glutamate concentrations. 3) To understand the role of newly-discovered neuromodulatory events in the retina, including dopamine modulation of GABA sensitivities in the inner and outer retina, and relate these to the overall scheme of visual processing. Preliminary results suggest that dopamine modulation of GABAc receptor sensitivity may complement or amplify earlier well-known neuromodulatory events. These studies will utilize patch clamp of single cells and of cells in living retinal slices, a technique developed by this laboratory and now universally implemented. In addition to looking at single cell events, we will use the newly-developed technique of multielectrode array recording to look carefully at changes in activity in populations of cells mediated by dopamine; effects such as changes in correlation of activity between units and changes in rates of spread of activity, that would not be visible recording from single cells.