Detection Of Drugs Of Abuse In Alternative Biological Fluids And Tissues

对尿液、口服液、汗液和头发等生物标本进行药物检测，是诊断药物使用和监测治疗对象的客观手段。传统上，尿液检测已经被使用，但这种技术有局限性。在一系列正在进行的研究中，评估了各种替代生物液体和组织在监测药物滥用个体模式方面的有用性。临床研究旨在确定单剂量和多剂量滥用药物给药后，人类受试者尿液、血浆、口服液、汗液、皮肤、皮脂、指甲、脐带血和头发中药物和代谢物排泄的特性、浓度、时间过程、剂量依赖性和变异性。每个生物标本似乎都是独一无二的，并提供了一种不同模式的关于药物使用的信息。例如，头发测试提供了检测几个月内可能发生的药物使用的可能性，并且可以用于监测长期治疗和流行研究中的个人。相比之下，口服液提供了药物暴露的短期测量，可能与血液中的某些药物浓度和药物引起的影响更密切相关。汗液可用于监测1-2周。联邦政府正在考虑对口服液、头发和汗液进行药物滥用测试，并在工作场所、刑事司法、治疗和军事药物测试项目中得到更广泛的应用。还可能存在与使用特定生物基质相关的缺点。在我们的研究中评估了基本的药理学性质，如剂量-浓度和浓度-时间关系。总的来说，每一种生物基质都有希望揭示有关个人药物暴露史的有用信息。在替代基质中分析药物需要开发敏感、选择性和特异性的化学方法来检测和定量药物和代谢物。不断评估分析程序，以改进血液、血浆、汗液、口服液、尿液、皮肤、皮脂和头发中可卡因、鸦片、甲基苯丙胺、大麻素和尼古丁的母体药物和代谢产物的检测和定量。

Drug testing of biological specimens such as urine, oral fluid, sweat and hair provides an objective means of diagnosing drug use and monitoring subjects in treatment. Traditionally, urine testing has been used, but this technology has limitations. In a series of ongoing studies, a variety of alternative biological fluids and tissues are evaluated for usefulness in monitoring individual patterns of substance abuse. Clinical studies were designed to determine the identity, concentration, time course, dose dependency and variability of drug and metabolite excretion in urine, plasma, oral fluid, sweat, skin, sebum, nails, cord blood, and hair following administration of single and multiple doses of drugs of abuse to human subjects. Each biological specimen appears to be unique and offers a somewhat different pattern of information regarding drug use over time. For example, hair testing offers the possibility of detecting drug use that could have occurred within a period of several months and could be useful in monitoring individuals in long-term treatment and in prevalence studies. In contrast, oral fluid offers a short term measure of drug exposure that may correlate more closely with some drug concentrations in blood and with drug-induced effects. Sweat can be used for monitoring over a period of 1-2 weeks. Oral fluid, hair and sweat testing for drugs of abuse are currently under consideration for federally mandated drug testing programs, and are being employed more commonly in workplace, criminal justice, treatment and military drug testing programs. There may also be disadvantages associated with the use of a particular biological matrix. Basic pharmacological properties such as dose-concentration and concentration-time relationships are evaluated in our research. Overall, each biological matrix shows promise of revealing useful information regarding an individual's drug exposure history. Analysis of drugs in alternative matrices requires development of sensitive, selective and specific chemical methods for the detection and quantification of drugs and metabolites. Analytical procedures are continually evaluated for improving the detection and quantification of parent drug and metabolic products of cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, cannabinoids and nicotine in blood, plasma, sweat, oral fluid, urine, skin, sebum and hair.