Cellular and mitochondrial respiration system

细胞能量学是任何生物功能的核心。直接测量细胞或线粒体的耗氧率，实际上使用氧气产生能量的亚区室，在研究环境影响和动物能量学的进化调整中是必不可少的。该提案要求提供资金，以获得细胞和线粒体呼吸测量系统，使申请人的研究小组能够研究细胞能量学的各个方面。当暴露于环境压力时，细胞能量学的改变可以是立即的，当能够补偿和适应环境条件时，细胞能量学的改变是短期和可逆的，当进化作用于改变能量学的生理特征时，细胞能量学的改变是永久的。申请人的研究计划调查了各种生物体在这些不同时间尺度上的能量调节。使用鱼类，有毒物质在环境中对细胞能量学的影响将进行调查。拟议的呼吸测量系统将允许通过监测氧消耗来研究肝细胞对污染物的反应，但也将允许通过使用额外的探针来研究更具体的机制。同样使用鱼类，将研究对各种环境挑战（温度和低氧）的临时调整，因为在这种情况下，细胞可以重塑其代谢（改变基因表达）以维持这些条件。利用蜜蜂和黄蜂，细胞能量学的进化调整将被研究。为了完成飞行，这些昆虫进化出了动物中能量产生率最高的肌肉细胞。使用建议的呼吸测量设备，它将有可能研究的氧气消耗模式在飞行肌肉细胞的多个物种与不同的能量需求的飞行。还将研究这些物种的线粒体所使用的燃料等特定机制，以深入了解细胞能量学如何在进化时间尺度上进行调整。

Cellular energetics is central to any biological function. Direct measurements of oxygen consumption rate of cells or mitochondria, the sub-compartment actually using oxygen to produce energy, is essential in studies investigating environmental effects and evolutionary adjustments of animal energetics. This proposal requests funds to acquire a cellular and mitochondrial respirometry system that will enable the applicants' research groups to investigate various aspects of cellular energetics. Alteration in cellular energetics can be immediate when exposed to environmental stressors, short-term and reversible when able to compensate and acclimatize to environmental conditions and permanent when evolution acts on physiological characters that modify energetics. The applicants' research programs investigate adjustments in energetics at these diverse time-scales in various organisms. Using fish species, the impact of toxicants present in the environment on cellular energetics will be investigated. The proposed respirometry system will allow for study of liver cell response to pollutants by monitoring oxygen consumption, but will also allow for investigation of more specific mechanisms by using additional probes. Also using fish, the temporary adjustment to various environmental challenges (temperature and low oxygen) will be studied as in such situations cells can remodel their metabolism (change gene expression) to sustain these conditions. Using bees and wasps, the evolutionary adjustments in cell energetics will be studied. To accomplish flight these insects evolved muscle cells with the highest energy production rate found in animals. Using the proposed respirometry equipment, it will be possible to study the oxygen consumption patterns in flight muscle cells of multiple species with varying energy requirements for flight. Specific mechanisms such as the fuels used by the mitochondria of these species will also be studied to gain insights into how cell energetics can be adjusted at the evolutionary time-scale.