Multiscale modelling of Earth and planetary atmospheres

我们正在使用复杂的3D模型来预测火星的天气和“空气质量”。通过修改加拿大天气预报模型GEM，我们有了一个可以用来研究火星动力学或天气的工具，而且由于GEM的缩放能力，我们还能够进行中尺度研究，这对凤凰号等火星着陆器和其他计划中的任务（如ESA的ExoMars任务）的预测条件非常重要。在空气质量方面，我们将继续已经开始的工作，即低层大气中臭氧的化学成分以及热层中的CO和O，并与火星快车和火星勘测轨道器的测量结果进行比较。我们还将启动新的尘埃研究，以提高我们对尘埃运动和水冰云形成的理解。我们还将研究由极地冰盖的凝结引起的大气变化。该模型也将对加拿大未来火星大气实验的设计有用。随着观测技术的进步，太阳系外行星的数量和类型不断增加。我们将继续与巴黎天体物理研究所合作，研究热巨型木星，它们与恒星的距离比水星与太阳的距离更近，并且在几天内围绕恒星运行。我们正在研究当这些行星的氢逸出时，它们是如何进化成其他类型的行星的，比如海王星或类似天王星的行星。此外，“海洋行星”可能已经被观测到的预期，也为研究它们的演化带来了令人兴奋的建模挑战。有了现有的卫星和未来10年新卫星的出现，我们将有能力进行重要的空气质量测量，如气溶胶和臭氧。因此，我们正在进入一个可以被描述为“化学天气预报”的时代。因此，对加拿大人来说，获得我们正在开发的那种既能利用数据了解排放源和汇又能进行预测的模型将是特别重要的。

We are using complex 3D models to forecast Martian weather and "air quality". By modifying the Canadian weather forecast model, GEM, we have a tool that can be used to study dynamics or weather on Mars and, because of the zoom capacity of GEM, we are also able to do mesoscale studies important for forecasting conditions for Mars landers such as Phoenix and other planned missions such as ESA's ExoMars mission. On the air quality side we will continue work already started on the chemistry of ozone in the lower atmosphere and CO and O in the thermosphere and compare with measurement from Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We will also initiate new dust studies that should improve our understanding or dust movement and water-ice cloud formation. We will also study changes in the atmosphere that result from condensation at the polar caps. The model will also be useful for design of future Canadian Mars atmospheric experiments. The numbers and type of extra-solar planets keeps growing as observational technology improves. We will continue our collaborative work with the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris on hot Giant Jupiters found at distances from their stars even closer than Mercury is to the Sun and which orbit their stars in a few days. We are investigating how these planets might evolve into other type of planets such as Neptune or Uranus-like as their hydrogen escapes. Also the expectation that "ocean-planets" may have been observed invites exciting modelling challenges to study their evolution.        With the current suite of satellites and the advent of new satellites in the next 10 years ensures we will have a capacity to make important air quality measurements such as aerosols and ozone. Thus we are entering an era that might be described as "chemical weather forecasting". Thus it will be especially important for Canadian to have access to models of the type that we are developing that can both utilize the data for understanding sources and sinks of emissions and for forecasting.