Collective phenomena in condensed matter systems

电子在凝聚态系统中的行为可能相当复杂。 有趣的是，产生物理学的成分非常简单-电子相互作用，具有离子背景势，在某些情况下与系统中的缺陷相互作用。 然而，出现的现象确实令人惊讶，有时是异国情调。 这是因为一个电子的动力学并不独立于另一个电子。 相反，所有的电子必须协调它们的动力学，共同运动。 这种行为被雄辩地描述为“量子华尔兹”。

The behavior of electrons in condensed matter systems can be quite complex. Amusingly, the ingredients giving rise to the physics are quite simple - electrons which interact with each other, with an ionic background potential, and in some cases with imperfections in the system. However, the phenomena which arise are truly amazing and at times exotic. This occurs because one electron's dynamics is not independent of another's. Rather, all of the electrons must coordinate their dynamics and move together collectively. Such behavior has been eloquently described as a "quantum waltz".